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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mesenteries
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double layer of peritoneum suspending the abdominal organs from the posterior body wall
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retroperitoneal
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structures outsied the peritoneal cavity, but considered in the abdominal region (kidneys, adrenal glands, lower part of colon, pancreas, urinary bladder)
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes - protein synth. and transport to golgi apparatus
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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membranous tubules and flattened sacs with NO attached ribosomes - manufactures lipids and carbohydrates, detoxifies harmful chemicals, stores calcium
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ribosome
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site of protein synthesis
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golgi apparatus
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modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
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lysosome
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contains digestive enzymes - membrane bound vesicle pinched off golgi apparatus
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proteasomes
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tube-like protein complexes in cytoplasm - break down proteins in the cytoplasm
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mitochondria
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enclosed by double membrane, inner membrane forms projections called cristae - MAJOR SITE OF ATP SYNTHESIS when oxygen is AVAILABLE
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selectively permeable
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allows water but not all the solutes dissolved in the water to diffuse across - characteristic of plasma membrane
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diffusion
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movement of solutes from an area of higher conc. to an area of lower conc.
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osmosis
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diffusion of water(solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (plasma membrane)
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osmotic pressure
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foce required to prevent movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane
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isosmotic
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have same concentration of solute particles and same osmotic pressure - even if types of solute particles in the 2 solutions differ
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hyperosmotic
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solution having a greater conc. of solute particles, and therefore a greater osmotic pressure than another solution
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hyposmotic
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more dilute solution with the lower osmotic pressure
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isotonic
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solution which causes a cell to neither shrink or swell - shape of cell remains constant, maintaining its internal tension or TONE
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hypertonic
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water moves out of cell by osmosis, causing cell to shrink
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hypotonic
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cell placed in solution and water moves into cell by osmosis, cell swells
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crenation
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red blood cells - water moving by osmosis from cell into the hypertonic solution, causing cells to shrink
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lysis
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water moving by osmosis into cell, causing it so swell and rupture
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mediated transport mechanisms
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when something cannot exit the cell by diffusion - carrier proteins or channels within plasma membrane that move large, water soluble molecules or elec. charged molecules or ions across
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facilitated diffusion
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carrier-mediated or channel-mediated process moving substances into or out of cells FROM A HIGHER TO A LOWER CONCENTRATION - no energy required, CAN'T move across conc. gradient
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active transport
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mediated transport process requiring ATP - CAN MOVE FROM LOWER TO HIGHER CONC. (ACROSS CONC GRADIENT) (SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP)
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secondary active transport
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active transp. of an ion such as Na+ out of a cell, establiching a concentration gradient, with a higher conc. of the ions outside the cell
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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receptor site combine only with certain molecules
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pinocytosis
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much smaller vesicles than phagocytosis, same concept, but liquid inside the vesicle
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CAT
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(Computerized axial tomographic scans) - computer analyzed x-ray images. Low intensity xray tube rotated through 360 deg. arc around patient, images fed to computer - construcs image of "slice" where beam was rotated
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Ultrasound
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uses high-frequency sound waves (sonar technology). emitted from transmitter-reciever placed on skin over area. Sound bounces back off internal organs - computer analyzes pattern of sound waves
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DSR
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(dynamic spatial reconstruction) same as CAT but uses about 30 xray tubes. images are compiled to produce 3-d image. FAST
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DSA
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(digital subtraction aniography) 3-d radiographic image of organ such as brain made and stored in computer... radiopaque dye injected into circultation, second radiographic computer image is made. 1st image subtracted from second one
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MRI
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(magnetic resonance imaging) directs radio waves at person lying inside large electromagnetic field - causes protons of various atoms to aligh (detecting some forms of cancer and tumor better than CAT)
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PET
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(positron emission tomographic) identify metabolic states of various tissues (useful for BRAIN) radioactively treated "labeled" glucose given to patient. gamma rays given off, detected
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hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia)
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attaches skin to bond and misscle; supplies it with blood vessels and nerves - loose connective tissue w/collagen and elastin fibers - cells are fibroblasts, adipose cells, macrophages
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sebacious glands
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in dermis, spimple or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum
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interstitial growth
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chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells
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appositional growth
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chondroblasts in perichondrium lay down new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue
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perichondrium
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double layered CT sheath covering most carilage - outer layer is dense iregular CT containing fibroblasts, inner has fewer fibers and contains chondroblasts
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epiphyseal (growth) plate
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hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
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diaphysis
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bone shaft, mainly compact bone
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epiphysis
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ends of bone
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periosteum
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CR membrane covering outer surface of bone - outer layer is dense irreg. collagenous CT containing blood vessels and nerves, inner is single layer of bone cells
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hematopoeisis
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blood cell production
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endosteum
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thin CT layer internal surface of bone cavities (such as medullary cavity)
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parathormone
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hormone that increases blood levels of calcium and phosphorus - stinmulates osteoclast activity
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calcitonin
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fron thyroid stimullates osteoblast activity (decreases blood levels of calcium and phosphorus)
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