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63 Cards in this Set
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Harmony
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Element of music that is literally all of the pitches that are not the melody. Harmony adds a richness of sound to the melody and can convey emotional aspects of the music such as feelings of happiness or sadness, tension, or peacefulness, etc.
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Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
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1756-1791. Classical period Austrian composer noted for his writing of operas,concertos, and symphonies. Especially noted for inventing the operatic sub-genre the dramma giocoso.Wrote an incomplete requiem mass that was completed by one of his students.
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Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich
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1840-1893. Russian Romantic period composer known for his symphonies, ballet music, including Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker, and concert overtures such as the 1812 Overture and Romeo and Juliet.
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Imitative Polyphony
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Polyphonic texture in which each voice imitates what a previous voice has already stated.
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Hildegard of Bingen
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1098-1179. Abbess of the convent at Rupertsburg near Bingen, Germany, and a prolific composer and writer.
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Stravinsky, Igor
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1882-1971. Russian-born composer who later resided in France and the United States and was very influential in the development of primitivism and neoclassicism. Composer of The Rite of Spring, one of the most influential musical compositions of the twentieth century, known for being an example of musical primitivism.
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Gregorian Chant
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Medieval period, sacred, monophonic, vocal music of the Catholic Church.
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texture/Monophonic
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A kind of texture that consists of a single melodic line.
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Copland, Aaron
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1900-1990. American composer especially noted for establishing a recognizably American style of music and for his ballet music based on American themes.
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Bernstein, Leonard
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1918-1990. American composer and Conductor/Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.Wrote compositions in both the edgy classicalstyle of the twentieth century and in a more popular vein for musical theatre, such as in West Side Story.
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Timbre
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The "tone color" of a musical sound. The distinct quality of sound that differentiates one instrument or voice from another.
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Twentieth Century
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Historical period of music dating from 1900-the present.
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Rhythm
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The element of music that animates it, gives it a feeling of moving through time. Contains the pulse, beat of the music, and the various emphases associated with it such as meter and syncopation.
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Puccini, Giacomo
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1858-1924. Italian Romantic period composer of operas. Known for the "verismo" style of realism in operatic writing in works such as La Boheme, Tosca, and Madame Butterfly.
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Opera
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Staged musical genre combining singing, acting, costumes, and scenery with an accompanying orchestra in a pit below, and in front of, the stage.
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Handel, George Frideric
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1685-1759. German-born composer who worked primarily in England. Best known today for his oratorios, operas, and dance suites, particularly the Water Music and The Music for the Royal Fireworks.
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Form
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The structure of a musical composition. In individual movements form usually is based on how the themes (main melodies) are manipulated. In entire compositions it refers to the overall outline of movements or other large sections such as the acts of an opera.
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Hymns
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Any religious song intended for the express purpose of praising God.
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Tuvan Throat Singing
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A type of vocalization, from the Republic of Tuva, that produces two pitches simultaneously. Also known as multiphonics.
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Oratorio
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Dramatic, sacred genre of the Baroque period consisting of arias, recitatives, and choruses. Usually based on biblical stories and texts. Performed in concert format, that is, not acted out on stage.
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Mass
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Musical setting of the texts associated with the Roman Catholic Church's ritual of the mass.
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Spirituals
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A type of song developed in the black slave culture of the American south, often based on biblical stories and expressing hope of deliverance from bondage.
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Aria
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A lyrical vocal piece, a song, usually for a solo voice with orchestral accompaniment. Common in operas, oratorios, and cantatas.
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Ordinary
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Five specific texts from the mass consisting of the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, Credo, and Agnus Dei. These are the texts that appear in all masses.
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Ketjak
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A kind of rhythmic chanting from Bali.
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Kabuki Theatre
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Traditional Japanese theatre combining music, acting, elaborate make-up, and costumes.
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Camerata
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Sixteenth-century group of Italian intellectuals who espoused a monodic style of vocal music in order to allow the meaning of the words to be clearly understood.
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Chorus
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Either a large choir of mixed voices or a repeating section of text and music.
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Bernstein, Leonard
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1918-1990. American composer and Conductor/Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.Wrote compositions in both the edgy classicalstyle of the twentieth century and in a more popular vein for musical theatre, such as in West Side Story.
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Rodgers and Hammerstein
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Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, a musical songwriting team.Wrote The Sound of Music, Oklahoma, The King and I, and South Pacific.
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Morality Plays
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An early (Medieval-Renaissance) dramatic musical genre depicting the struggle of good versus evil.
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Incidental Music
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Music written to accompany a play. Often includes an overture, numerous dances, and interludes.
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Bizet, Georges
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1838-1875. Nineteenth-century French composer. Known for the opera Carmen and the incidental music to L'Arlésienne.
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Chinese Opera
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Traditional musical theatre genre of China combining music, costumes, makeup, scenery, mime, dance, and acrobatics characterized by a generally boisterous presentation of musical materials.
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Libretto
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The words of an opera often available for audience members during operatic performances.
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Gilbert and Sullivan
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Late nineteenth-century English operetta (light opera) writing team of William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan.
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Verismo
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A late nineteenth-century Italian literary style adapted to operatic writing based on everyday people in real-life situations often emphasizing passion and violence.
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Lyricist
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Someone who writes lyrics.
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Webber, Andrew Lloyd
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b. 1948. Extraordinarily successful English composer most noted for the writing of musicals such as Phantom of the Opera, Cats, Evita, Jesus Christ Superstar, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, as well as a requiem mass.
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Asymmetrical Meter
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Meter in which the number of grouped pulses changes instead of remaining constant.
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Polyphonic
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A kind of texture that consists of two or more melodic lines.
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Polyrhythmic
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Music that contains two or more rhythmic meters occurring simultaneously.
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Reel
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A Celtic set dance for four couples.
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Minuet (menuet)
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A French dance in a moderate 3/4 time and A-B-A form.
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Choreographer
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The person who decides on the dance moves for a staged performance.
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Strauss II, Johann
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1825-1899. Austrian composer known as "The Waltz King" for his many compositions in that genre and also for his operettas.
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Solo Instrumental Dance Suite
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Genre of music popular in the Baroque period employing stylized versions of popular dances of the time.
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Gamelan Angklung
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A smaller version of the gamelan.
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Duple meter
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Meter with two beats, or multiples of two beats, in each measure.
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Tempo
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The speed of the music.
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Overture
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A single-movement orchestral composition that precedes a dramatic presentation such as an opera, musical, ballet, or oratorio.
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Ternary Form
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Refers to any piece with an overall three-part structure. Also known as three-part form or A-B-A form.
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Call to Prayer
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In the Muslim world the music that is sung five times daily by the "muezzin" telling Muslims it is time to pray. In modern times this has often been replaced by a recording rather than a person singing from a tower called a minaret.
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Waltz
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A type of dance in 3/4 time popularized in and around Vienna, Austria in the early nineteenth century. The name is derived from the German word "waltzen," which means to turn.
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Estampie
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A Medieval dance usually in a fast triple meter.
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Baroque
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Historical period of music dating from 1600-1750.
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Primitivism
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Twentieth-century musical style associated with harsh unresolved dissonance, unpredictable but strong rhythmic qualities, and short motivic melodies. Used to describe the style of The Rite of Spring.
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Gamelan Gong
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A large gamelan.
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Handel, George Frideric
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1685-1759. German-born composer who worked primarily in England. Best known today for his oratorios, operas, and dance suites, particularly the Water Music and The Music for the Royal Fireworks.
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Gamelan
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A Balinese and Javanese collection of primarily percussion instruments, gongs, cymbals, drums, played as an ensemble.
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Achi Llama
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Tibetan folk dance, performed outside of the monasteries for the purpose of preserving and retelling historical facts, legends, and myths of their culture.
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Des Prez, Josquin
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ca. 1440-1521. Renaissance period Flemish composer of liturgical music, most known for the writing of masses and motets.
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Cantata
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Sacred vocal genre consisting of multiple movements performed during a church service. Common in the Baroque period as well as today.
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