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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
achieved status
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a status that is earned
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Crime Index
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a statistical indicator consisting of eight offenses that was used to gauge the amount of crime reported to the police, it was discontinued in 2004
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adolescence-limited offenders
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a term applied to the overwhelming majority of children who commit a few minor acts of delinquency on an inconsistent basis during their teenage years
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Allen v. United States
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The U.S. Supreme Court ruling stating that a child younger than age 7 cannot be guilty of a felony or punished for a capital offense because he or she is presumed incapable of forming criminal intent
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ascribed status
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a status that is received at birth
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baby boomers
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people born between 1946 and 1964
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bootstrapping
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a practice in which a chronic status offender who commits a new status offense while on probation is charged with the criminal offense of violating a formal court order that specified the conditions of that child's probation
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Child Savers
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Reformers in the nineteenth century who believed children were basically good and blamed delinquency on a bad environment
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chronic status offender
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Children who continue to commit status offenses despite repeated interventions by the family, school, social service, and law enforcement agencies
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Code of Hammurabi
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one of the oldest known sets of written laws
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juvenile
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in most states, a person younger than age 18
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juvenile delinquency
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usually a person younger than age 18 who commits an illegal act and is officially processed through the juvenile or family court
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life-course persistent offenders
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the most serious juvenile delinquents; a small group of children who engage in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every stage of life
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parens patriae
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a doctrine that defines the state as the ultimate guardian of every child
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secular law
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a body of legal statutes developed separately from church or canon law
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status
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a socially defined position within a group
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status offense
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an act considered illegal only for children, such as truancy
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Stubborn Child Law
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a law passed in 1641 stating that children who disobeyed their parents could be put to death
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age-crime curve
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the empirical trend that crime rates increase during preadolescence, peak in late adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter
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aging-out phenomenon
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the gradual decline of participation in crime after the teenage years
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chronic offenders
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youths who continue to engage in law-breaking behavior as adults, they are responsible for the most serious forms of delinquency and violent crime
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concentrated disadvantage
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economically impoverished, racially segregated neighborhoods with high crime rates
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psychopathy
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a personality disorder that results in affective, interpersonal, and behavioral problems, including violent criminal behavior that is committed without conscience
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continuity of crime
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the idea that chronic offenders are unlikely to age-out of crime and more likely to continue their law-violating behavior into their adult lives
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hierarchy rule
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the guideline for reporting data in the Uniform Crime Reports, in which police record only the most serious crime incident
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crimes of interest
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the crimes that are the focus of the National Crime Victimization survey
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dark figure of crime
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the gap between the actual amount of crime committed and the amount of crime reported to the police
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ecological fallcy
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the mistake of assuming relationships found at the neighborhood level mean those factors are related at the individual level
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incidence
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the number of delinquent acts committed
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
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an annual nationwide survey of criminal victimization conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics
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National Opinion Research Center (NORC)
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the organization that conducted the first nationwide victimization survey in the United States
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National Youth Survey (NYS)
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a nationwide self-report survey of approximately 1700 people who were between the ages of 11 and 17 in 1976
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prevalence
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the percentage of juveniles committing delinquent acts
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racial profiling
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a practice in which police use race as an explicit factor to create "profiles" that then guide their decision making
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self-report study
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a study that yields an unofficial measure of crime, and in which juveniles are asked about their law-breaking behavior
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Dedrick Owens
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6 year old who shot and killed Kayla Roland, his 6 year old classmate
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Mary Ellen Wilson
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the first child abuse case documented in the U.S.; she was badly abused by her stepmother and removed from her home and placed in a state child protective facility
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Cathy Widom
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Criminologist who conducted a study over a 25 year period; 908 mistreated and victimized children were matched by age, race and ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status with a comparison group of 667 children not officially recorded as being abused or neglected.
Found out that there is strong evidence to suggest that child maltreatment adversely affects children. |
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David Finkelhor
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Sociologist who recently uncovered data revealing there is less child maltreatment today than there was in the recent past.
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Arthur Allen
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Pastor at the House of Prayer. He was arrested for the beating and mistreatment of children and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and 10 years probation.
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Elizabeth Ran
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A little girl who was sentenced to death in 1733 for stealing from Stephen Freeman - to whom she was apprenticed.
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Charles Loring Brace
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Reverend who in 1853 established the Children's Aid Society to provide homeless children with shelter and education. The Society ran "orphan trains."
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