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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 layers of heart
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endocardium: lines interior cavities, myocardium: thick, musclar layer, picardium: outer membrane
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angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
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vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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atri/o
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atrium
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cardi/o
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heart
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coron/o
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circle or crown
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my/o
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muscle
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pector/o, steth/o
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chest
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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thromb/o
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clot
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ven/o, phleb/o
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vein
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varic/o
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swollen, twisted vein
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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atrium
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upper right or left chamber of the heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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epicardium
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membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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interatrial septum
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partition b/n the right and left atria
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interventricular septum
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partition b/n the right and left ventricles
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing the heart composed of 2 layers with fluid b/n
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viceral pericardium
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layer closest to the heart
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parietal pericardium
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outer layer
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pericardial cavity
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fluid-filled cavity b/n the pericardial layers
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ventricle
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lower right or left chamber of the heart
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heart valves
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structures w/in the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
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aortic valve
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heart valve b/n the left ventricle and the aorta
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mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
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heart valve b/n the left atrium and the left ventricle
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart valve opening from right ventricle to the pulmonary arter
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tricuspid valve
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valve b/n the right atrium and the right ventricle
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valves of the vein
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valves located at intervals w/in lining of veins, esp in legs (move blood back to heart)
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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venules
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small vesels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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veins
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vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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criculation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood from pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand; period during the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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systole
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to contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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hypertension (HTN)
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high blood pressure
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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pacemaker; in right atrium; initiating electrical conduction of hearbeat, causing atria to contract and fire conduction of impules to AV node
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atrioventricular (AV) node
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receives and ampliefies conduction of impulses from SA node to bundle of His
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bundle of His
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neurological fibers extending from AV node to right and left bundle branches that fire impulse from AV node to the Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers (Purkinje network)
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fibers in ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting; resting state of myocardial cell
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depolarization
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change of myocardial cell from polarized (resting) state to state of contraction
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repolarization
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recharging of myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
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normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
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regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (avg 60-100 beats/min)
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aneurysm
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widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
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saccular aneurysm
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sac-like bulge on one side
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fusiform aneurysm
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spindle-shaped bulge
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dissecting aneurysm
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split or tear of vessel wall
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angina pectoris
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chest pain caused by loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle (narrowing of coronary arteries)
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls
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atheromatous plaque
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swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)
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claudication
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to limp; pain in a limb while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
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constriction
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compression of a part that cuases narrowing (stenosis)
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diaphoresis
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profuse sweating (perspiration)
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embolus
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cloth carried in bloodstream that obstructs flow of blood when it lodges
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heart murmur
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abnormal sound from heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
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infarct
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to stuff; localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
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ischemia
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to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occulsion of blood vessel
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perfusion deficit
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lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc
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occlusion
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plugging; an obstruction or a closing off
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing of a part
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thrombosis
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stationary blood clot
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vegetation
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to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection
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acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
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signs and symptoms - active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of thrombus, or spasm w/in coronary artery, causing reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; lead to myocardial infarction, unstable angina; early diagnosis and rapid tx are critical to avoid or minimize damage to heart muscle
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arrhythmia / dysrhythmia
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any several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate < 60 bpm
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
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premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
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ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate > 100 bpm
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bacterial endocarditis
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bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of heart produced by accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac, as results from pericarditits or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel w/in the heart
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cardiomyopathy
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general term for disease of heart muscle
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congential anomaly of the heart
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malformations of the heart that are present at birth
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atrial septal defect (ASD)
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opening in septum separating the atria
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coarctation of the aorta
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narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
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patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
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abnormal opening b/n pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
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ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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opening in septum separating the ventricles
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congestive heart failure (CHF) / right ventricular failure
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failure of left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in "bottleneck" of congestion in the lungs that my extend ot the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
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coronary artery disease
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condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis
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essential hypertension / primary hypertension
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high blood pressure attributed to no single cause (smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, hereditary)
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secondary hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by effects of another disease
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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protrusion of one or both cusps of mitral valve back into left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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heart attack; death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia as result of occlusion of coronary artery; sx = chest pain, sob, diaphoresis, nausea
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myocarditis
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inflammation of myocardium (viral or bacterial)
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pericarditits
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inflammation of pericardium
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rheumatic heart disease
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damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (steptococcal infection)
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sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
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abrupt cessation of any cardiac output, most commonly as result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death defibrillation is initiated immediately
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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formation of clot in deep vein of body, occuring most in femoral and iliac veins
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phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of vein associated with clot formation
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often in legs
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auscultation
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physical exam method of listening to sounds w/in body w/ stethoscope
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gallop
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abnormal heart sound that mimics gait of horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)
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electrical picture of heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with letters P, Q, R, S, T = events of cardiac cycle
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stress electrocardiogram
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EKG of heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill); useful in detecting heart conditions
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Holter ambulatory monitor
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portable electrocardiograph worn by patient that monitors electrical activity of heart over 24 hrs; usueful in detecting periodic abnormalities
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intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)
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invasive procedure: placement of catheter-guided electrodes w/in heart to evaluate and map electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at same time to treat arrhythmia
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intracardiac catheter ablation
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use of radiofrequency waves sent through cathter w/in heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical pathways
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magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
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magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
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nuclear medicine imaging
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radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotops to visualize structures and to analyze functions
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myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
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scan of heart made after IV of isotope as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proprotion ot blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease
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myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan
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nuclear perfusion scan of heart made before and after induction of controlled physical exercise or drug that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate
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mutiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
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nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactive isotopes are injected in the bloodstream and traced through the heart's chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping funciton of the ventricles
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posittron-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart
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use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress
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radiology
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x-ray imaging
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angiography
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process of x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement
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angiogram
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record obtained by angiography
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coronary angiogram
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x-ray image of blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast
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arteriogram
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x-ray image of particular artery
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aortogram
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x-ray image of aorta
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venogram
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x-ray image of vein
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cardiac catheterization
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place catheter through vein or artery into heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures w/in heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine fim imaging of chambers of heart and coronary arteries (often includes angioplasty and atherectomy)
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left heart catheterization
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x-ray imaging of left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
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right heart catheterization
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measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
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ventriculogram
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x-ray image of the ventricles
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stroke volume (SV)
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measurement of amount of blood ejected from ventricle in one contraction
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cardiac output (CO)
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measurement of amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of heart
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ejection fraction
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measurement of volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
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computed tomographic angiography (CTA)
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3D computed tomographic scan of heart and circulation of "greater" blood vessels (coronary arteries, aorta, pumonary veins)
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sonography
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sonographic imaging
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echocardiography
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recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
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stress echocardiogram (stress echo)
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echocardiogram of heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise or drug that produces exercise effect; useful in detection conditions ie ischemia or infarction
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transesophogeal echocardiogram (TEE)
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echocardiogram of the heart after placement of ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
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Doppler sonography
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ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine presence of deep vein thrombosis or carotid insufficency or to determine flow through heart, chambers, valves, etc
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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grafting portion of blood vessel retrieved from another part of body to bypass in occluded coronary artery
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anastomosis
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opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to another
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of lining of artery to clear blcokage caused by clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
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valve replacement
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replace diseased heart valve w/ artificial valve (tissue valves from animal tissue and mechanical valve from synthetic material)
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of defective heart valve
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percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease performed at time of cardiac catheterization in specialized lab setting instead of OR
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angioscopy / vascular endoscopy
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use fo flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided through specific blood vessel to visually assess lesion and to select mode of therapy
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atherectomy
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excision of atheromatous plaque from w/in artery utilizing device housed in flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulerizes tissue buildup
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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method for treating narrowing of coronary artery by inserting catheter with balloon attachment, then inflate to dilate vessel to restore flow
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intravescular stent placement
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device used to reinforce wall of vessel and assure patency (openess); used to treat stenosis / dissection / after angioplasty
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricular fibrillation by delievering electrical stimulus to heart (by applying electrodes to chest)
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defibrillator
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device that delievers electrical stimulus in defibrillation
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cardioversion
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restoration of fast or irregular heart rate to normal rhythm (via drugs or electrical energy)
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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implanted, battery-operated device w/ rate-sensing leads; monitors cardiac impulses and initates electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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pacemaker
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deviced used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating heart to contract
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angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
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supress converstion of angiotension in blood by inhibiting ACE; used to treat hypertension
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antianginal
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drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to tissues to relieve pain of angina pectoris
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antiarrhythmic
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drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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drug that prevents clotting of blood; used to treat thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
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antihypertensive
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drug that lowers blood pressure
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beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta-blockers)
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inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and lowering of pressure w/in walls of vessels (treat angina pectoris and hypertension)
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calcium channel blockers
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inhibit entry of Ca2+ into heart muscle, causing slowing heart rate, lessening of demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels to cause dilation (treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension)
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cardiotonic
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increases force of myocardial contractions in heart; used to treat congestive heart failure
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diuretic
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increases secretion of urine; treat hypertension
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hypolipidemic
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drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drug that dissolve thrombi; used in acute management of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke
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vasoconstrictor
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drug that causes narrowing of blood vessels thereby dec blood flow
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vasodilator
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drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
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