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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Proteins
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Compounds in your body that consist of numerous amino acids and are found in all living cells.
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Aminio Acids
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The building blocks of protein, Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. All amino acids are composed of an acid group, an amine group, and a unique side chain.
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Acid Group
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The COOH group that is part of every amino acid; also called the carboxyl group.
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Amine Group
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The nitrogen containing part of an amino acid.
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Side Chain
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The side group of an amino acid that provides it with its unique qualities; also referred to as the R group.
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Peptide Bonds
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The bonds that connect amino acids, created when the acid group of one amino acid is joined with the nitrogen-containing amine group of another amino acid.
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Essential Amino Acids
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The nine amino acids that the body cannot synthesize; they must be obtained through dietary sources.
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Nonessential Amino Acids
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The 11 amino acids that the body can synthesize.
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Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
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Nonessential amino acids that become essential if the body cannot make them, such as during bouts of illness.
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Precusor
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A substance that is converted to another substance in the body.
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Denaturation
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The alteration of a proteins shape, which changes the structure and function of the protein.
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Amino Acid Pools
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A limited supply of amino acids stored in your blood and cells and used to build new proteins.
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Protein Turnover
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The continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein. When the daily amount of degraded protein is equivalent to the amount that is synthesized, you are in protein balance.
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Urea
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A nitrogen-containing waste product that is execreted in urine.
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DNA
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The blueprint in cells that stores all generic information. DNA remains in the nucleus of the cell and directs the synthesis of proteins.
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Gene
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A DNA segment that codes for a specific protein.
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RNA
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A molecule that carries out the orders of DNA.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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A type of RNA that copies the genetic information encoded in DNA and carries it out of the nucleus of the cell to synthesize the protein.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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A type of RNA that collects the amino acids within the cell that are needed to make a specific protein.
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Sickel-cell amemia
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A blood disorder caused by genetic defect in the development of hemoglobin. Sicke-cell anemia causes the red blood cells to distort into sickle shaped and can damage organs and tissues.
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Collagen
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A ropeline, fibrous protein that is the most abundant portein in your body.
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Cinnective Tissue
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The most abundant tissue type in the body. Made up primarily of collagen, it supports and cinnects body parts as well as providing protection and insulation.
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Enzymes
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Substances that act as catalysts and speed up reactions.
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Catalyst
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Substances that aid and speed up reactions without being changed, damaged, or used up in the process.
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Coenzyme
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Substances, often vitamins, that are needed by enzymes to perform many chemical reactions in your body.
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Hormones
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Protein- or lipid- based chemical messengers that initiate or direct a specific action. Insulin, glucagon, and estrogen are examples of hormones.
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Fluid Balance
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The equal distribution of water throughout your body and within and between cells.
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Edema
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The accumulation of excess fluid in the spaces surrounding your cells, which causes swelling of the body tissue.
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Buffers
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Substances that help maintain the proper pH in a solution by attracting or donating hydrogen ions.
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Transport Proteins
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Proteins that carry lipids (fat and cholesterol) , oxygen, waste products, and vitamins through the blood to various organs and tissues. Proteins can also aact as channels through which some substances enter cells.
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Antibodies
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Proteins made by your body to bind to and neutralize foreign invaders, such as harmful bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as part of the body's immune response.
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Immunity
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The state of having built up antibodies to a particular foreign substance so that when particles of the substance enter the body, they are destroyed by the antibodies.
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Nitrogen Balance
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The state in which an individual is consuming the same amount of nitrogen (from protein) in the diet as he or she is excreting in the urine.
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Protein Quality
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The measure of a protein's digestibility and how its amino acid pattern compares with your body's needs. Proteins that are more easily digested and have a complete set of amino acids are higher quality.
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Digestibility
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A food's capacity to be broken down so that it can be absorbed.
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Amino Acid Profile
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The types and amounts of amino acids in a protein.
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Complete Protein
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A protein that provides all the essential amino acids that your body needs, along with some nonessential amino acids. Soy protein and protein from animal sources, in general, are complete.
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Incomplete Protein
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A protein that is low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Protein from plant sources tend to be incomplete.
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Limiting Amino Acid
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The amino acid that is the shortest supply in an incomplete protein.
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Complemented Proteins
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Incomplete proteins that are combined with modest amounts of animal or soy proteins or with other plant proteins that are rich in the limiting amino acids to create a complete protein.
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Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)
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A score measured as a percentage that takes into account both digestibility and amino acid profile and gives a good indication of the quality of a protein.
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Protein-engergy Malnutrition(PEM)
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A lack of sufficient dietary protein and/or calories.
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Kwashiorkor
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A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of dietary protein.
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Marasmus
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A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of calories that perpetrates wasting; also called starvation.
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Vegetarian
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A person who doesn'teat meat, fish, or poultry or (sometimes) foods made of these animal sources.
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