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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are vitamins? What are their function?
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Organic substances required in small amounts by the body in order to utilize energy, regulate body processes (including growth and maintenance)
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How are vitamins classified?
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Water soluble or fat soluble
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What are water-soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins that are absorbed directly into the blood and act as coenzymes. They are excreted in urine.
Examples: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, B6, B12, Folacin, and Vitamin C |
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What are fat-soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins that are absorbed into the lymph (which requires bile and fat) and have specific functions but do NOT act as coenzymes
Examples: vitamins A, D,E, and K |
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What are minerals?
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Inorganic substances required by the body in small amounts. There are 21 essential minerals that must be gained from diet- cannot be synthesized.
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Thiamin
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Function: Energy metabolism
Source: Pork, yeast, bacon, ham Deficiency: Beri Beri (rice eating populations) Classification: Water soluble vitamin |
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Riboflavin
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Function: Energy metabolism
Source: mild, meat, dark green veggies Deficiency: Cheilosis and glossitis Misc: is destroyed by sunlight |
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Niacin
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Aka: B3, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic Acid
Function: Energy Metabolism Source: milk, peanuts, eggs, meat, legumes, whole grains Deficiency: Pellagra (corn-eating population) Symptoms are death, diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis |
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Biotin
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Function: Energy Metabolism
Source: widespread, liver, kidney, milk Deficiency: Long term use of antibiodics can cause, as well as HUGE quantities of raw egg (remember avidin binds biotin) |
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Pantothenic Acid
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Function: Energy Metabolism
Source: Everywhere Deficiency: decrease in antibodies |
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Iodine
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Function: Hormonal through thyroid gland
Source: seafood, iodized salt Deficiency: Goiter Classification: Micromineral |
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Bone
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Made up of Ca, P, Vitamin D, Fluoride, and vitamin C
Constantly undergoing resynthesis and resorption. |
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Resynthesis
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Addition of calcium to bone
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Resorption
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Removal of calcium from bone
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Calcium
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Function: Rigidity, strength, and hardness of bone
Source: milk and dairy products Deficiency: Osteoporosis |
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Calcium Absorption Factors
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1. Physiological need
2. HCl presence (increases it) 3. Amount of Ca in diet 4. Presence of vitamin D 5. Presence of binders such as phytic and oxalic acid 6. Presence of lactose |
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Calcitonin
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Hormone released from thyroid to prevent bone resorption. Without it, calcium would be deposited in tissues
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Phosphorus
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Function: Rigidity and strength of bone
Source: Animal tissues, milk, dairy Misc: regulated by excretion |
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Fluoride
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Function: protect against cavities
May protect against osteoarthritis by making bone resistant and strong |
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Vitamin D
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Function: Regulation of Ca and P levels, mineralization of bone
Source: eggs, liver, fish, fortified milk and eggs. Also synthesized by sunlight Deficiency: Rickets/osteomalacia |
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Vitamin D Active Form
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1-25 DHCC
1-25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol Made in KIDNEY |
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Vitamin C
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Function: collagen formation, resistance to infection
Sources: citrus fruits Deficiency: Scurvy, bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages |
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Vitamin A Forms
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Retinol, Retinal
Retinoic Acid |
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Vitamin A Functions
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1. Vision (retinal)
2. Health of epithelial tissues 3. Bone growth (unknown) 4. Reproduction (unknown) |
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Xerophthalmia
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Totally blindness caused by Vitamin A deficiency
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Vitamin A
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Source: Animal tissues
Deficiency: night blindness, blindness, rough skin |
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Previtamin/Preformed vitamin
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vitamin that is already formed, added, or active
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Provitamin/Precursor
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Compound that can be converted to active form
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Antivitamin
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hinders vitamin action
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Blood
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Major vehicle between organs of body carrying nutrients, hormones, oxygen, etc. Broken into two parts: plasma and blood cells
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Blood Cells
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specialized cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Biggest component is hemoglobin which actually takes up oxygen
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Anemia
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immature RBC, decreased number, or low hemoglobin
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Folacin
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Aka: Folic Acid, Folate
Function: synthesis of DNA/RNA for protein synthesis. Source: liver, mushrooms, leafy greens Deficiency: Anemia Misc: stored in liver but is still water soluble vitamin |
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B12
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Aka: Cobalamin
Function: Utilization of folic acid and nervous system purposes yet unknown Sources: animal Deficiency: Anemia Misc: can take up to 10 years to show up as deificient |
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Iron Absorption Factors
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1. Metabolic Need
2. Form of Iron 3. Stomach acidity 4. Presence of vitamin C 5. Presence of binders |
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Iron
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Deficiency: RBC are unable to carry enough oxygen, fatigue
Sources: liver, red meats, poultry |
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Vitamin K
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Function: clotting
Source: alfalfa, broccoli, liver |
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B6
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Aka: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
Function: conversion of tryptophan to niacin Source: everywhere |
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Vitamin E
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Function: antioxidant, prevents destruction of cell walls
Source: widespread Deficiency: anemia |
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Zinc
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Function: healing, growth, enzyme component
Source: animal Deficiency: delayed growth and sexual maturation |