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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What type of receptor responds at a constant rate as long as stimulus is applied (slow adapting to pain, body position chemical composition of blood) |
Tonic |
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What type of receptor responds with a burst of activity but quickly reduces firing rate to constant stimulation (fast adaptation to pressure, touch, smell) |
Phasic |
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what sensations include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive |
somatic |
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what sensations include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle |
tactile |
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For a sensation to arise: |
1. sensory receptor must be stimulated 2. transduction of stimulus (GP) 3. generation of nerve impulses (threshold reached) 4. integration of sensory input (results in a conscious sensation/perception) |
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What nerve ending is used to detect pressure, vibration, and some touch |
encapsulated |
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sensory receptors for taste for hearing |
gustatory receptor cells hair cells |
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What type of receptors for hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain |
exteroreceptors |
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what receptor monitors the body's internal environment |
interoreceptors |
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what receptors provide info about body position, muscle length and tension, and position and movement of joints |
proprioceptors |
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Pain is mediated by |
nociceptors (uses glutamate and substance P [called "pain NT] as neurotransmitters) |
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heat elicits pain thru |
capsaicin receptors |
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The awareness of differences in theexternal or internal environment is defined as |
Sensation |
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Which of the following somatic sensationshas an encapsulated nerve ending as its sensory receptor? |
Pressure |
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____________: recognizing position of bodyparts. ____________: in muscles and tendonsd
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Proprioception; Proprioceptors
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The anatomical structure responsible formonitoring the change in length of a muscle is called |
Muscle spindle |
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impulses from somatic receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord |
first order neurons |
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impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus |
second order neurons |
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impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side |
third order neurons |
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what pathway receives impulses from the limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head |
posterior column-medial meniscus |
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what pathway receives impulses for pain, temp, itch, tickle and posterior head |
anterolateral (spinothalamic) |
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impulses for most somatic sensations- tactile, thermal/pain from facial area |
trigeminothalamic pathway |
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how do somatic sensory impulses reach the cerebellum? |
via the spinocerebellar tracts |
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Transverse tubule and 2 terminal cisterns •In relaxed muscle SR stores Ca++ •Release of Ca++ from terminal cisterns on SR triggers muscle contraction
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•Triad
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Muscle contraction occurs in the
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sarcomeres |
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Myofibrilsare built from three groups of proteins
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Contractile proteins generate force during contractionActin and myosin
Regulatory proteins help switch the contraction process on and offTroponin and tropomyosinStructural proteins keep the thick and thin filaments in proper alignment and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrixDystrophin and titin |
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The thin filaments are comprised mostlyof the contractile protein _____, and the thick filaments are comprised mostlyof the contractile protein _______
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actin; myosin |
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iselastic protein attaching myosin to Z disc that contributes to elastic recoilof muscle 3rd most plentiful protein; it extends from the Z disc and accountsfor much of the elasticity of myofibrils |
titan |
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arestructural proteins that anchor myosin during contraction |
m lines
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The contractile organelle of skeletalmuscle fibers is
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myofibril |
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•linksthin filament to sarcolemma•Absentin muscular dystrophy patients due to X-linked genetic defect, sarcolemmatears easily during muscle contraction, causing muscle fibers to rupture anddie |
Dystrophin |
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muscle fatigue is caused by |
Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SRAccumulation of extracellular K+Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrientsBuild up of lactic acid and ADPInsufficient release of ACh at NMJ Central fatigue in CNS rather than muscles
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theAP sweeps over the sarcolemma and Ca2+ionsare released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
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latent period |
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–tension is constant while muscle length changes ___________
musclecontracts but does not change length ____________ |
isotonic; |
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are small, appear dark red, are the least powerful type. They are very fatigue resistantUsed for endurance like running amarathon, or postural
*resist fatigue; contain large amounts of myoglobin |
slow oxidative fibers |
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areintermediate in size,appear dark red, and are moderately resistant to fatigue. •Used for walking
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Fastoxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG)
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arelarge, white, and powerful, rapid fatigue, rapid intense movementsIntense anaerobic activity of shortduration, upper limbs
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fast glycotic fibers |
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Exocrine glandssecrete their products into _____
Endocrine glandssecrete ________ |
ducts; hormones |
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endocrine glands secrete their hormones directlyinto the _________ _______ that surrounds them. |
interstitial fluid |
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occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells Results in greater response in target cell- gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
priming effect
up regulation |
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occurs after long exposure to highlevels of polypeptide hormone§Subsequentexposure to this hormone produces a lesser response- insulin and LH§Dueto decrease in # of receptors on targets§Mostpeptide hormones have pulsatile secretion which prevents downregulation
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Desensitization(downregulation
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Receptors may be ______________ in the presence of highconcentrations of hormone.
makes a target cell less sensitive to ahormone. |
down-regulated |
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Receptors may be _______________ in the presence of low concentrations of hormone.
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up-regulated |
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Hormones that don’t circulate are local hormones (_________). Those that act on the same cell that secretes them are _________.
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paracrines; autocrines |
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(amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, eicosanoid hormones). _______ __________ ____________ circulate freely in the plasma.Act through 2nd messengers, effects are quick
are easy to transport in blood and bind to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell.Hormone acts as 1st messenger which causes production of 2nd messenger. |
water soluble hormones |
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______ ________ _________ circulate bound to transport proteins.Target is the nucleus, effect transcriptionCalled genomic action and takes at least 30 minutes
require a carrier protein for transport in blood and bind to receptors within target cells in the nucleus or cytoplasm. |
lipid soluble hormones |
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what connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? |
infundibulum
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what control the secretions of thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and corticotrophs.
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negative feedback loop |
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what is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland. It helps regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis.
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aldosterone |
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_________ secreteepinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) both of which are involved in the fight-or-flightresponse
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chromaffin cells |
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alpha A: ______ alpha B: ________ |
glucagon; insulin |
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High levels of circulating cortisol
Manifestations include hyper-glycemia, poor wound healing, osteoporosis, dermatitis, fat redistribution (spindly arms and legs, moon face, buffalo hump at the neck), and truncal obesity |
cushing syndrome |
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hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone, usually as a result of an autoimmune disorder, is called __________ __________ The physiologic effects include hypoglycemia, Na+ loss, low BP, dehydration, and muscle weaknessonly after his death did the world learn that President Kennedy suffered from
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addisons disease |
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______ ______ is a strong sickle-shaped fold ofdura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure and separatesthe two cerebral hemispheres
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falx cerebri |
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_______ __________ is a small triangular process that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.
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falx cerebelli |
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what carriesoxygen, glucose, and other important substances from the blood to nervoustissue cells; Changes in pH affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow, important in maintaining homeostatic controls for brain tissue.Serves as transport system for hormones secreted by hypothalamusIt also helps transport nutrients and wastes between blood and nervous tissues. |
CSF |
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What makes CSF |
The ependymal cells of the choroid plexuses
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what part of brain Conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes |
midbrain |
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helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals, and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep. Inactivation of the ___ produces sleep- a state of partial consciousness from which an individual can be arousedIt also prevents sensory overload by filtering out insignificant information.
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RAS |
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The __________ is composed of the:ThalamusHypothalamusEpithalamus
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DIENCHEPHALON |
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is located superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses (except smell) to the cerebral cortex
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THE THALMUS |
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lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin and habenular nuclei which are involved in emotional responses to odors.
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the epithalamus |
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contains the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex.
contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex |
precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus |
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“emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in promoting a range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.
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limbic system |
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____ axonal transport conveys axoplasm in one direction only – from the cell body toward the axon terminals. ____ axonal transport moves materials in both directions.
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supplies new axoplasm (the cytoplasm in axons) to developing or regenerating axons and replenishes axoplasm in growing and mature axons.Fast axonal transport that occurs in an anterograde (forward) direction moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminals. Fast axonal transport that occurs in a retrograde (backward) direction moves membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled. |