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70 Cards in this Set
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Define: Phenotype |
Physical appearance of the organism; controlled by "genotype" and the environment |
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Define: Genotype |
genetic information contained in every cell (DNA) |
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Define: Allele |
One pair of genes at the identical locations, on homologous chromosomes; an allele can be dominant or recessive or have incomplete dominance |
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Define: Heterozygous / Homozygous |
Both of the alleles of a gene are different (hetero) Both of the alleles are the same (homo) |
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Define: Cultivar |
A cultivated variety (may be a hybrid) a horticultural race or strain of plant that has originated and persisted under cultivation |
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Variety ( breeding) |
plants within a species that show natural morphological differences (only those propagated from seed) |
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Hybrid |
the offspring of a successful mating between plants belonging to different taxa usually within the same species |
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Self Pollination |
produces parent lines reduces genetic diversity of the offspring, which can reduce evolutionary survival homozygous parental line 6-10 generations to produce a line |
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breeding (3) |
1. Hand pollination 2. Wind Pollination (flower is bagged, and pollen blown in) 3. male sterility (sterile plants, insect naturally crosses) |
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Leaves of embryo? |
cotyledons |
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embryonic root? |
radicle |
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stem below the cotyledon? |
hypocotyl |
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stem above cotyledons is the |
epicotyl |
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What is the growing region ? (base of cotyledon, and behind root tip) |
Meristem |
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Collecting Fruit: PODS / CAPSULES |
collect when colour changes from green to brown store under sheets of newsprint or in paper bags from the ceiling |
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Collecting Fruit: BERRIES |
collect when colour changes to ripe |
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Collecting fruit: NUTS |
Gather in the fall or shake tree remove outer casing, sow at once cannot be stored |
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Collecting fruit: CATKINS |
pick when green, late spring, ripen in a paper bag and sow immediate |
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Cleaning seeds: PODS / CAPSULES |
remove dust chaff by passing seed through a screen or several screens |
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Cleaning seeds: BERRIES |
Macerate with a food processor or mash inside a cloth float off pulp, seeds sink |
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Cleaning seeds: SAMARAS |
rub off wings before stratification the fruit walls must be composted off via a warm stratification |
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Cleaning Seeds: CONES |
heat to dry and open. tumble to remove the seed |
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Seed Storage: <1 year 2/3 - 15 years 15/20 - 75/100 years |
short lived = tropicals and aquatics Medium = veges, flowers, conifers, fruit trees, grains Long = hard seed coats, impervious to water. may have long dormancy |
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Improving Medium lived seeds |
reduce temperature reduce humidity (20-25% RH) (SMC 4-6%) reduce light (store in the dark) |
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Seed Coat Dormancy |
Occurs when the endocarp, seed coat , or part of pericarp is impervious to water |
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Define: Dormancy |
a temporary suspension of visible growth of any plant structure containing a meristem as a result of physiological and environmental factors or no germination takes place even though the seed is in a favourable environment |
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Define: Quiescence |
inactivity in seeds |
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Overcome dormancy (SC) |
hot water chipping seeds |
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Chemical dormancy |
Chemical inhibitors in the seed coat or the fleshy fruit coverings can prevent germination can be leaches out, soak the seed with hot water for 48 hours |
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Internal embryo dormancies |
embryo is either immature or chemically inhibited from germination, even when exposed to water and proper temp. |
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Stratification |
mimics outdoor weather (summer or winter) seed must be soaked for up to 48 hours then dried |
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shallow dormancy |
short period of ripening cold, moist conifers |
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intermediate dormancy |
stratification time is shorter, increase the moist-chill |
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deep-seated physiological dormancy |
long period = moist and cold (3-7*, 4-8 weeks) |
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Embryo immaturity |
Warm temp and moist conditions are required (20°, up to 60 days) |
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Double Dormancy |
Combination of two + dormancies |
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Abscisic Acid (ABA) |
embryo development, germination hormone (inhibitor) |
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Cytokinins |
offsets inhibitors (like AbA) allows other hormones to promote germination |
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Gibberellin (GA) |
initiates enzyme induction activation of reserve food mobilizing systems (relieves dormancy) |
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Ethylene |
active as a gas when applied artificially, germination is promoted, limited in natural germination |
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Germination temperatures COOL TEMP TOLERANT |
temperate species optimum from 24° - 30° |
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Germination temperatures COOL TEMP REQUIRING |
winter annuals temperatures must be below 25° |
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Germination temperatures Warm temp requiring |
Tropical or sub-tropical will not germinate below 10-15° |
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Germination temperatures alternating temperatures |
a difference of 10° between day and night |
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Define: CLONING |
vegetative propagation which reproduces progeny identical in genotype to the single source plant |
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CLONE |
resulting population of plants; usually genetically identical |
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Stock Plant |
parent plant, or mother, from which cuttings or propagates are harvested |
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Why clone? |
Genotypes, uniformity, reliable propagation, shorted time to flower, combining +1 genotype, vigour |
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Mutation |
can cause a growing point or lateral bud to change noticeably |
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sport |
chance mutation; natural can be done artificially by chemical or radiation |
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Transgenic plants |
biotechnology techniques used to change a characteristic, GMO |
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Chimera |
mutant cells within a growing point of a stem, single cell mutation two different colours, or irregular pattern |
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Variable gene expression |
specific patterns as a regular variation, stable |
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COPF |
Canadian ornamental plant foundation breeders registry |
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C-15 |
plant breeder's rights, royalties |
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Qualifications for cultivar? |
Distinct Uniform Stable |
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Scion |
Short piece of detached shoot containing several dormant buds will become the shoot portion of the plant |
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Budding |
form of grafting where the scion is reduced in size to contain only one bud |
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interstock |
a piece of stem inserted between scion and root stock |
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callus |
mass of parenchyma cells that develop to from and around wounded plant tissue at the graft union. |
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why graft? |
clones that cannot be maintained another way obtaining benefits (vigor) changing cultivars of established plants hastening reproduction special forms of a tree (weeping, standard) |
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Basic needs for successful graft |
1. vascular cambium, must be lined up 2. temperature should be 15°-32° (ideally 20°-25°) with 100% humidity |
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symptoms of graft failure |
1. at the graft union 2. yellowing foliage 3. death in a year or two 4. overgrowth 5. excessive suckerin |
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Causes for graft failure |
1. overactive rootstock, sap flow too high 2. insects or disease 3. poor cambium matching |
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Bench Grafting |
graft performed in a pot, inside a greenhouse anytime |
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Field grafting |
graft performed in the field. scion must have fully formed dormant buds and the rootstock must be starting to grow MARCH-APRIL |
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Budding |
Graft, performed summer only buds must be current season wood, dormant, and fully formed |
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T-budding |
Graft: performed from mid July - late august |
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Chip Budding |
Same as t-budding, can be done mid july - into september. |
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Whip and Tongue |
(joining slits) plant should be 3-4 years |