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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are Characteristics for Plants |
-Carry out Photosynthesis -Contain Cellulose |
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Whats the difference between Vascular and Non vascular plants? + examples |
Vascular- "tracheophytes" conductive system (xylem and phloem) help transport water and dissolved material - fern Non-vascular- "bryophytes" don't have conductive tissue, swampy moist environment, depend on simple diffusion, osmosis, active transport to move nutrients, waste and water.- mosses, liveworts, hornworts |
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What is the difference between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm + example |
Angiosperm- enclosed seeds in vessel or fruit (not exposed)- apples Gymnosperm- unprotected seeds, found on cone like structures, cone bearing trees- pine, spruce and cedar. Thin needles used as protection and roots extend over wide areas. |
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What two tissue make up the vascular system of a plant? Explain the difference between the two |
xylem: transports water and dissolved material from roots to stem. Composed of Tracheids and Vessel Elements that die when mature leaving non living cell walls in place Phloem: transports nutrients to all parts of plants where needed. It's composed of sleve tissue elements (no nuclei,plates both end with holes and accompanying companion cells ( have a nuclei) |
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What is the Function of Leaves? |
Photosynthesis Breathing (stomata) |
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What is the Function of Roots |
- absorb water, nutrients from soil to provide for plants - anchor plant, acts as storage of carbohydrates produced by photosythesis |
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What is the Function of Stems |
-supporting nutritional -holds leaves upright to light -transports water up, nutrients through the plant |
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What is a seed in a Monocot ? |
- one seed leaf (onion) |
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What is a seed in a Dicot? |
two seed leaves (crops) |
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What are roots in a Monocot ? |
fibrous roots, many branched roots, equal size |
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What are Roots in Dicots? |
tap roots, one main root with smaller roots |
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What are Stems in Monocots? |
small, scattered bundles, large numbers |
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What are Stems in Dicots? |
bundles circular pattern, vascular cambium separates phloem and xylem |
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What are Leaves in Monocot? |
Parallel |
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What are Leaves in Dicot? |
Pinnate, Palmate |
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What are Flowers in Monocot? |
Pedals x3 (variables) |
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What are Leaves in Dicot |
Pedals x4 or 5 (Variables) |
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Describe the Cycle of Vascular Plants. Distinguish betweenthe two generations and what the plant in each generation is called. |
Diploid- (sporophyte, and adult plants) Stages: goes through meiosis, sporophytes produce haploid spores- can develop without fertilization Haploid- spore grows into plant cells parts (gametophytes male and female)- gametophyte produce male and female gametes (sperm and egg), fuse at fertilization and develop into another sporophyte
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Diagram of a Flower- try and label the parts |
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Cross selection of a leaf |
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Know the difference between male and female parts of a flower. Be able to explain double fertilization |
-Female gametophyte consist of 6 cells and 2 extra nuclei, called polar nuclei or central cells. -2 sperm nuclei reach the female gameotophytes,1 fusing with the egg and other with two polar nuclei -1 sperm nucleus, after fusing with egg produces Zygote - 2nd sperm fuses with polar nuclei special tissue called endosperm (provides nutrients to develop embryo) |
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Internal and External Factors of Plant Growth |
Internal Factors- auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, cytokinins, abscicic acid External Factors light, nitrogen, nitrogen fixation, soil nutrients - 17 elements needed Nitrogen- leaf growth Potassium- water balance and protein synthesis Phosphorus- mitosis, cell division Calcium- cell walls, membrane permeability Magnesium- chlorophyll component Sulfur- Proteins |
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How do Auxins affect the plants |
-stimulates cell division and cell elongatoion in stem and root -regulates cell expansion and responds to light and gravity - found in weed killers |
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How do Cytokinins affect the plants |
- promotes cell division and cell differentiation - increases lateral growth |
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How do Gibberellins affect the plants |
-involved cell elongation of plant shoots - increases lateral growth |
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How do abscisic acid affect the plants |
synthesizedin mature leave/root caps. Inhibits the germination of seeds/growth of buds instems (a lot in the fall) blocks intake of co2 by controlling the stomata(open&close) |
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how do Ethylene affect the plants |
Ethylene- makes aging process of plant tissue occur- (ripening)speeds up leaf abscission, production of this gas can cause other plants toripen too (have to be close)- usually ship unripe food= no bruise then at storespeed up process with ethylene gas |
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what is primary growth |
Primary growth-upward growth of the stem and downward growth of the roots – Produced by apical meristem- tip of thestem and roots grow longer |
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what is secondary growth |
Secondary growth –(occurs in dicots) outward growth of a plant (thicker and wider) usually occursin tall plants/ trees to help then stand up straight- without this it would belike a tall strand of grass flopping over- Produced bylateral meristems- increase thecircumference (width)a. Vascular cambium: along roots and stems,produces vascular growth b. Cork cambium: created tough wall for protection |
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Fiberous Roots |
many branched roots, mostly equal in size (monocot) |
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Palisade Mesophyl |
tightly packed parenchyma cells right below the epidermis, mostly of photosynthesis occurs here |
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How does water travel from the soil all the way up to the leaf? Know the theories! |
water gets into the roots by osmosis. then from the roots the water moves up the plant using root pressure. Root pressure is a mechanism that pushed water up the plant. as the water enter the roots it creates a positive pressure for water that is already there. the water has no where to go other than up.(only reaches 9 meters- small plants) Transpiration it refers to how water is coheive (sticks together) its loss creates the pull that moves water up the plant. when one molecule is lost another is pulled up (used in big trees/plants) |
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How does sucrose get transported throughout the plant? |
the Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant (translocation). In general, this happens between where these substances are made (the sources) and where they are used or stored (the sinks). |
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Name the requirements for seed germination. |
1. Moisture- softens see coat softens so it can break through 2. Temperature- most plants germinated best between 18 - 30 C 3. Oxygen- need to supply a high respiration rate 4. Light and Carbon dioxide- some seeds wont germinated unless exposed to sunlight. ( too much carbon dioxide are bad for seed) |
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What benefits do plants provide? |
-oxygen -food - clothing -medicine -building material |
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cotyledon |
structure within a plants embryo that help to nourish the plant as it starts to grow (seed leaf) |
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endosperm |
part of a seed that rots as storage for the developing plant embryo usually containing nutrients. endosperm nourishes the embryo as it grows |
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pollen |
pollen is discharged by the male part of the plant (stamen) this is the plants reproductive cells (sperm cells) |
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sporophyte |
the diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores (meiosis) |
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gametophytes |
haploid plant in spotic reproduction that produces gametes (mitosis) |
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bryophyte |
a small non vascular land plant (reserved for mosses) |
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tracheophyte |
vascular plants with system of conductive tissue known as xylem and phloem. transports water and dissolved materials throughout the plant- fern |
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Tap root |
made up of thick roots with few smaller lateral branching roots |
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root hairs |
covers the surface of the root (fine hairs) they increase area for gas exchange and intake of water and nutrients |
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xylem |
vascular tissue transports water and minerals from root to leaves |
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phloem |
vascular tissue transport organic nutrients leave to root (sometime root to leave-mature leave) |
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pteridophyte |
vascular plant that reproduces via spores, don't have seeds or flowers- fern |
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Vascular cambium |
layer of meristematic tissue found along length of roots and stems in some plants (necessary for secondary growth) |
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root tip |
end of the root |
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root cap |
covers tip of root (protection) |
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spongy mesophyll |
layer or irregular shaped loosely packed cells below the palisade mesophyll layer |
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stomata |
small opening (usually in leaf) allows gas exchange |
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GMO |
genetically modified organisms- genome has been altered |
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Name and describe the four tissue types. |
1. merstematic tissue -area of high mitosis two types apica meritstems and lateral meristems 2. dermal tissue- outer covering of a plant, endermis, guard cell 3. ground tissue- make up most of the inside of the plant ie parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells sclerenchyma cells 4.vascular tissue- xylem, phloem |
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What are the different venations of leaves? Arrangement of leaves? |
venation pinnate- one main rib palmate- two or more rib Parallel arrangements alternate opposite whorled |
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What is a monoculture? What is an advantage and disadvantage? |
monoculture: hundreds of plants of one type are grown in one place of the natural ecosystem
advantage- easy to take care of disadvantage- ruin the soil and if one is affected they all are |
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What are the requirements for photosynthesis? What is the name of the pigment that traps light energy? Where is it found? |
requirements: light energy, water, CO2, O2,, glucose traps sunlight- chlorophyll and carotenoids located in leaves |
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What nutrients are required by the plant? Which is needed in the greatest abundance? What form of this nutrient is used by plants? Explain how this form becomes available to the plant. |
Nutrients needed: potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur,chlorine, iron, boron, zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum ***NITROGEN the most 1.5% nitrogen is found in organic matter living and dead things, dead broken down by bacteria and fungi |
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What is the purpose of fertilizers? What are the 3 nutrients found in synthetic fertilizers? |
fertilizers- help crops grow, provides nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) |
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Name 2 GMO’s and list 2 advantages and 2disadvantages for each |
1.Golden Rice- advantage: improve nutrition, increase crop productivity - disadvantage: suicide seeds (by seeds every year), health risk 2. BT Corn- - advantage: bigger, no bugs - disadvantage: health risk (pregnant women toxins found- birth defects) harm other organisms (insects larva and monarch butterfly |