Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to the text, learning involves
|
B) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. |
|
Conditioning is the process of
B) spontaneous recovery. C) learning associations. D) observational learning. |
C) learning associations. |
|
Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
B) respondent behavior. C) spontaneous recovery. D) operant conditioning. |
D) operant conditioning. |
|
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
B) spontaneous recovery. C) respondent behavior. D) observational learning. |
D) observational learning. |
|
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
B) classical conditioning C) latent learning D) operant conditioning |
B) classical conditioning |
|
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
B) running through a maze to get a food reward C) sweating in hot weather D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance |
C) sweating in hot weather |
|
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth. D) salivation to the food in the mouth. |
C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth. |
|
In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
C) unconditioned stimulus D) conditioned stimulus. |
B) unconditioned response. |
|
In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. |
A) conditioned response. |
|
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
B) acquisition. C) generalization. D) spontaneous recovery. |
B) acquisition. |
|
Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a
B) US. C) CR. D) CS. |
C) CR. |
|
Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates
B) spontaneous recovery. C) intermittent reinforcement. D) higher-order conditioning. |
D) higher-order conditioning. |
|
Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
B) CS; UR C) US; UR D) CS; US |
D) CS; US |
|
Spontaneous recovery refers to the
B) organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. |
D) reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
|
Compared to nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates
B) generalization. C) the law of effect. D) negative reinforcement. |
B) generalization. |
|
Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with
B) bright lights. C) novel tastes. D) high-pitched sounds. |
C) novel tastes. |
|
Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by
B) biological predispositions. C) continuous reinforcement. D) latent learning. |
B) biological predispositions. |
|
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) spontaneous recovery. |
B) generalization. |
|
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
B) classical conditioning C) operant conditioning D) latent learning |
C) operant conditioning |
|
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates
B) the law of effect. C) respondent behavior. D) spontaneous recovery. |
B) the law of effect. |
|
A Skinner box is a(n)
|
C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. |
|
Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.
B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) observational learning |
B) operant conditioning |
|
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)
B) unconditioned stimulus. C) reinforcer. D) operant behavior |
C) reinforcer. |
|
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. |
D) negative reinforcer. |
|
Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.
B) intermittent C) conditioned D) negative |
B) intermittent |
|
The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
B) partial reinforcement. C) generalization. D) shaping. |
B) partial reinforcement. |
|
A fixedratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
|
C) specified number of responses have been made. |
|
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
C) specified number of responses has been made. D) unpredictable number of responses has been made. |
B) specified time period has elapsed. |
|
On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio |
D) variable-ratio |
|
Revoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
B) positive reinforcement. C) negative punishment. D) positive punishment. |
C) negative punishment. |
|
The use of physical punishment may
|
D) have all of these results. |
|
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a
B) discriminative stimulus. C) law of effect. D) fixed-interval schedule. |
A) cognitive map. |
|
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves
B) extrinsic motivation. C) partial reinforcement. D) delayed reinforcers. |
B) extrinsic motivation. |
|
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit
B) latent learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) intrinsic motivation. |
D) intrinsic motivation. |
|
Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.
|
B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation |
|
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
B) generalization C) spontaneous recovery D) biological predispositions |
D) biological predispositions |
|
Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of
B) delayed reinforcement. C) classical conditioning. D) shaping. |
D) shaping. |
|
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of
B) immediate reinforcement. C) modeling. D) shaping. |
C) modeling. |
|
Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for
B) spontaneous recovery. C) observational learning. D) extrinsic motivation. |
C) observational learning. |
|
The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of
B) spontaneous recovery. C) respondent behavior. D) positive reinforcement. |
A) mirror neuron activity. |
|
In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of
B) respondent behavior. C) observational learning. D) spontaneous recovery. |
C) observational learning |
|
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting
B) prosocial behavior. C) extrinsic motivation. D) spontaneous recovery. |
B) prosocial behavior. |
|
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.
B) causes C) is unrelated to D) predicts |
D) predicts |
|
Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to
B) spontaneous recovery. C) the violence-viewing effect. D) instinctive drift. |
C) the violence-viewing effect. |
|
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
B) secondary reinforcement. C) shaping. D) spontaneous recovery. |
A) generalization. |