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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cycle of Immobility |
1. Pain or immobility 2. Decreased Loading 3. Progressive adaptive shortening 4. Decreased mobility and function 5. Disuse/substitution |
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Stretching |
Any therapeutic maneuver designed to increase mobility of soft tissues and improve ROM by elongating structures that have adaptively shortened and have become hypomobile over time |
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Flexibility |
The ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted ROM |
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Dynamic flexibility |
the degree to which an active muscle contraction moves a body segment through the available ROM of a joint |
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Passive flexibility |
degree to which a body segment can be passively moved through the available ROM and is dependent on the extensibility of muscles and connective tissues |
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Hypomobility |
decreased mobility (usually 1 joint) |
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Contracture |
adaptive shortening of soft tissue surrounding joints hat resuts in a significant decrease in joint ROM |
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How is a contracture described? |
By identifying the action of the shortened muscle EX: elbow flexion contracture |
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Myostatic Contracture |
Tendon is shortened |
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Pseudomyostatic contracture |
hypertonicity from TBI or SCI |
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Arthrogenic and periarticular contracture |
cartilage or things in joint |
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Fibrotic contracture |
muscle tissue has developed scar tissue |
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Selective stretching |
applying stretching techniques selectively to some muscles and joints but allowing limitation of motion to develop in other muscles or joints |
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Overstretching |
stretch well beyond the normal lenggth of muscle and ROM of a joint and the surrounding soft tissues |
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Hypermobility |
excessive mobility (DONT STRETCH) |
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Manual or Mechanical stretch |
a sustain or intermitten external, end-range stretch force applied with overpressure and by manual contact or mechanical device |
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Passive stretching |
No patient assistance |
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Assisted stretching |
Pt. helping you with a stretch |
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Self-stretching |
patient performs the stretch. |
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Neuromuscular facilitation and inhibition |
Neuromuscular facilitation and inhibition procedures are purported to relax tension in shortened muslces during muscle elongation (PNF) |
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Muscle Energy Techniques definition |
manipulative procedures that are designed to lengthen muscle and fascia and to mobilize joints |
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How does muscle energy technique work? |
Voluntary muscle contractions by the patient in a controlled direction and intensity against a counterforce applied by PT |
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Soft tissue mobilization/manipulation |
designed to improve muscle extensibility and involve the application of specific and progressive manual force |
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Indications for Stretching |
1. adhesions, contractures, scar tissue 2. Potential for structural deformity due to limited ROM 3. muscle weakness and shortening 4. part of a total fitness program 5. pre and post vigorous exercise |
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Contraindications for stretching |
1. bony block 2. Non union fracture 3. acute inflammation or infection 4. sharp or acute pain with elongation 5. hematoma or tissue trauma 6. hypermobility 7. when hypomobility provides stability or neuromuscular control |
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Benefits from Stretching Exercises |
1. Increased flexibility and ROM 2. General fitness 3. Injury prevention 4. Enhanced performance 5. reduced postexercise muscle soreness |
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Elasticity |
ability of soft tissue to return to its prestretch resting length direction after stretch has been removed |
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Viscoelasticity |
time dependent property of soft tissue that initially resists deformation but will gradually lengthen before returning to prestretch position |
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Plasticity |
tendency of soft tissue to assume a new and greater length after the stretch force has been removed |
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Sarcomere give |
when actin slides apart leading to abrupt lengthening of sarcomeres |
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What happens during immobilization to muscle? |
1. decay or contractile protein 2. decrease in muscle fiber diameter, # of myofibrils 3 Increase in fatty tissue and fibrous units |
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Sarcomere absorption |
sarcomers become reabsorbed=atrophy |
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Muscle spindle |
Respond to changes in length and velocity |
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Golgi tendon organ |
Respond to tension |
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Reciprocal inhibition |
decrease of activity on opposide side (antagonist) |
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Autogenic inhibition |
decrease of muscle tension with sustained stretch |
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Types of Connective Tissue |
1. ligaments 2. tendons 3. joint capsules 4. fasciae 5. skin 6. non contractile tissue in muscles |
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Collagen fiber placement in tendons? |
parallel |
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Collagen fiber placement in ligaments |
vary |
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Collagen fiber placement in skin |
random |
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Toe region |
considerable deformation without the use of much force |
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Elastic region |
continued stretching and elongation. Strain is proportional to force |
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Yield point |
Beyond the tissue does not return to its pre stretch length |
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Plastic region |
permanent deformation. |
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Failure point |
rupture of tissues |
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Grade 1 Ligament injuries |
microfailure, few fibers rupture |
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Grade 2 Ligament Injuries |
Macrofailure, partial tear |
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Grade 3 Ligament Injuries |
Complete rupture |
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Precautions for Stretching |
1. nonselective or poorly balanced stretching activities 2. insufficient warm-up 3. ineffective stabilization 4. uSe of ballistic stretching 5. Excessive intensity 6. Abnormal biomechanics 7. Insufficient information about age-related differences |