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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Alliteration
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Occurrence of SAME LETTER/SOUND in several words in CLOSE SUCCESSION e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon', line 5, 'parva quidem stipulis et canna tecta palustri', alliteration in 'p', 'c', 't'
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Anaphora
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REPETITION of SHORT WORD in CLOSE PROXIMITY e.g. in 'A country spring', 'tu' (referring to fons), line 10, is repeated in line 13 and line 9 (in accusative form 'te')
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Antithesis
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CONTRAST of IDEAS emphasised by choice of words/their arrangement
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Apostrophe
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Part of speech/poem addressed to ABSENT PERSON/ABSTRACT IDEA
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Assonance
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REPEATED VOWEL SOUNDS in CLOSE PROXIMITY, e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon', line 9, 'levem nec iniqua mente ferendo', assonance in repeated short 'e' vowel sounds
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Asyndeton
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OMISSION/ABSENCE of CONJUNCTION e.g. 'and' between parts of sentence e.g. Caesar's famous saying, "I came, I saw, I conquered'
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Chiasmus
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The INVERSION in a second phrase/clause of order of words in the first
FRAMING IMAGERY - A:B:B:A e.g. adjective:noun:noun:adjective, creates frame/brackets around noun e.g. in 'The town mouse and the country mouse', line 2, 'rusticus (nominative) urbanum (accusative) murem (accusative) mus (nominative)', followed immediately in line 3 by reversal of this chiastic structure, 'veterem (accusative) vetus (nominative) hospes (nominative) amicum (accusative)' |
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Ellipsis
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OMISSION of WORDS from speech/writing which can be supplied from context e.g. in 'The city, hour by hour', line 6, 'imperat exstructos frangere nona toros', noun 'hora' omitted
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Enjambment
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CONTINUATION of sentence WITHOUT PAUSE beyond END of line/couplet/stanza e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon', lines 21 and 22, sentence continues without pause beyond end of line into next 'quodque suus coniunx riguo collegerat horto/truncate holus foliis'/ in 'A country spring', lines 4 and 5, sentence continues without pause beyond end of stanza into next, 'cui frons turgida cornibus/primis et venerem et proelia destinat'
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Hendiadys
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Expression of SINGLE IDEA by TWO WORDS connected with 'AND' (e.g. 'nice and warm') when one word could MODIFY other (here, 'nicely warm') e.g. in 'A country spring', line 5, 'et venerem et proelia destinat' (predicts both love and battles) is equivalent to 'veneris proelia destinat' (predicts the battles of love)
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Juxtaposition
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PLACING CLOSE TOGETHER of words which, though may not be connected grammatically, CLEARLY BELONG TOGETHER e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon', line 5, closeness of phrases 'parilique aetate Philemon' (and of equal age Philemon) and 'pia Baucis anus' (dutiful old Baucis) suggests phrases virtually interchangeable: Philemon also 'dutiful' and 'old', Baucis also 'of equal age'
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Metaphor
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Application of word/phrase to something it DOESN'T apply to literally, in order to indicate COMPARISON with the literal usage e.g. in 'The city, hour by hour', 'gressu timet ire licenti/admatutinum nostra Thalia Iovem', Thalia and her cheeky walk equivalent to Martial, the witty poet, and Jupiter equivalent to Emperor Domitian
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Onomatopoeia
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Formation of words that IMITATE/SUGGEST what they stand for e.g. in 'The sights, sounds and seasons of the countryside', 'mugitibus' is onomatopoeic as sounds like mooing
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Pathos
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Quality that EVOKES SYMPATHY/SADNESS - Roman poets loved to evoke sympathy for characters and to create picture of sadness around them e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon' Ovid repeatedly refers to poverty and old age of couple
MOST PATHOS created by phrase 'unicus anser erat' (there was just one goose) especially as we find out it was 'minimae custodia villae' (guard of their very small house) in same line |
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Personification
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REPRESENTATION of idea in HUMAN FORM/ thing as having HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS
abstract ideas which are personified usually also DEIFIED (regarded as GODS) e.g. in 'A country spring', 'lymphae' (waters) personified by words 'loquaces' (talkative) and 'desiliunt' (jump down) as these describe human behaviour |
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Polysyndeton
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REPEATED INCLUSION of CONJUNCTION e.g. 'and', when NOT strictly NEEDED e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon', lines 16 - 21, contain 'et' four times and '-que' five times (both words meaning 'and')
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Repetition
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Take form of whole phrases/words, parts of phrases/words e.g. in 'Baucis and Philemon', lines 3 and 4 hold repetition: 'mille domos' at start of each line, followed by verb with same ending, 'audire' (line 3), 'clausere' (line4)/ 'illa' repeated at start and end of line7/ repetition of ablative gerunds, lines 9 and 10, 'fatendo' and 'ferendo'
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Simile
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Figure of speech in which one thing COMPARED to another e.g. in 'The town mouse and the country mouse', line 29, 'veluti succinctus' (like a slave with his clothes tucked up)
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Tricolon
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Group of THREE PHRASES, LINKED in IDEA and of SIMILAR STRUCTURE, usually with intention of EMPHASISING idea
ASCENDING TRICOLON: three phrases BUILD UP in SIZE and/or IMPORTANCE to climax in third phrase Tricolon is RHETORICAL DEVICE, mostly used by ORATORS e.g. Cicero TETRACOLON - four phrases |
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Zeugma
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Figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in DIFFERENT SENSES e.g. 'both John and his driving licence expired last week' ('expired' applied to John means 'died', and to licence means 'ran out')
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Emphasis by position
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e.g. subject placed at end of sentence/ verb placed at beginning of sentence
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Graphic vocabulary
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Vocabulary giving very VIVID, easy-to-picture description
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Spondaic/dactylic rythm
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More spondees than dactyls/ more dactyls than spondees in line
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Historic/vivid present
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When PRESENT TENSE used where PAST TENSE would be more usual, to make action more VIVID or cause events to seem to follow QUCKLY from one to another
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Historic infinItive
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When PRESENT INFINITIVE used where PAST INFINITIVE would be more usual, to make action more VIVID or cause events to seem to follow QUCKLY from one to another
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Archaic vocabulary
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Use of OLD, DISUSED vocabulary, to give sense of GRANDEUR
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Others
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Exaggeration (hyperbole) and irony
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