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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Preoperational Stage
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Piaget, the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increase
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Symbolic function
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the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for or represent something that is not physically present, directly related to language acquisition
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Centration
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the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
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conservation
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the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
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egocentric thought
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thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
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Irreversibility
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cannot imagine how things return to the original state or go in two directions
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Fast mapping
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instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
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syntax
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the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences
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Lev Vgostsky's Social Interaction Theory
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children learn through social interaction, the focus should be more on contextual factors that affect a child's development
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social speech
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speech directed to another person, used to communicate effectively with others
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Private speech
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speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
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Vgotsky's view on private speech
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used as a guide to behavior and thought, facilitates children's thinking and helps them control their behavior, allows children to solve problems and reflect upon difficulties they encounter
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Piaget's view on private speech
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used by earliest, brightest children, most social children use it, helps children think and learn more quickly
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Initiative versus guilt stage
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Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
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self-concept
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a person's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
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Gender identity
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sense of being female or male
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Gender stereotypes
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preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior
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Gender roles
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behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or females
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Functional play
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play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year olds
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Constructive play
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use of objects or materials to make something
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Parallel play
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action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
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Onlooker play
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action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves
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Associative play
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play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
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Cooperative play
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play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
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Authoritarian parents
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parents who are rigid, controlling, punitive, and cold, and whose word is law, inflexible rules; children withdrawn, moody, unassertive, irritable
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Permissive parents
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parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children; children have low control/low social skills, children feel especially priveleged
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Authoritative parents
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parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way; encourage autonomy of children
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Uninvolved parents
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parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior
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Concrete operational stage
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the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic, Piaget
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decentering
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the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
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metamemory
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an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood
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Vgotsky's approach to memory
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classrooms seen as places where children try new activities, children should focus on activities that involves interaction with others, cooperation and reciprocal learning
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Cultural assimilation model
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American society is a melting pot
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Pluralistic Society model
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American society is made up of coequal cultural groups that try to try to preserve individual cultural features
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IQ tests
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first developed by Alfred Binet, defined intelligence as to what his test measured, takes into account mental and chronological age
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Stanford-Binet- Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition
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a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition
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a test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance skills, as well as a total score
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Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition
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an intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step-by-step thinking
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fluid intelligence
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intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory, deal with new problems and situations
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crystallized intelligence
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information, skills, strategies, that people have learned through experience and that they can apply through problem-solving situations
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Triarchic theory of intelligence
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a model that states that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing: the componential element, the experiential element, and the contextual element
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Stage of Industry versus Inferiority
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Erikson, the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world
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self-esteem
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an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation
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social competence
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the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings
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self-care children
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children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children
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emotional intelligence
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the set of skills that underlies the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
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mneumonics
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formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered
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moral reasoning
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Piaget emphasizes how limitations in preschoolers' cognitive development lead to particular forms of this, from 4 to 7 is the initial stage of development of morality, does not take intention into account
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social cognitive theory
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children also learn moral behavior more indirectly by observing the behavior of others, called models, Bandura
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Vgotsky on intelligence
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to assess intelligence, we should look not only at cognitive processes that are fully developed, but at those that are currently being developed as well, dynamic assessment
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seriation
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involves the idea that any investigator, in order to assign some plausible meaning to a given phenomena, must interpret it within a series of phenomena
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transitive inference
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assesses the ability to generalize learned knowledge to new contexts, and is thought to depend on the hippocamus
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