Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 steps of the traditional four-step process of urban travel demand
|
Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode Split, Traffic Assignment
|
|
Trip Generation (inputs, outputs, and models)
|
socioeconomic conditions and land use (in), productions/attractions (out) w/linear regression model
|
|
Trip Distribution (inputs, outputs, and models)
|
productions/attractions (in), trips (out) w/gravity model
|
|
Mode Split (inputs, outputs, and models)
|
trips (in), trips by mode (out) w/Logit Model
|
|
Traffic Assignment (inputs, outputs, and models)
|
trips by mode (in), travel time and level of service (out) w/user equilibrium or system optimal
|
|
There are two different types of modal split models identified in the text – what are they?
|
Trip-End Models & Trip-Interchange Models
|
|
Define the logit model including a mathematical representation of the model and definitions of each term.
|
traveler with a choice tends to choose the travel mode that has the greatest utility
P = e / sigma e equation... |
|
Trip-End Models, definition, (when should it be used, and why?)
|
based on assumption that ridership is due to socioeconomic variables "captive" users; use before trips distributed; used for small
communities or in developing countries |
|
Trip-Interchange Models, definition, (when should it be used, and why?)
|
Logit model, use after trip distribution, looks at multiple socioeconomic factors and trips to determine split
|
|
Trip assignment - Interaction between supply and demand ?
|
demand - output from first three steps of process, supply - network (roadway, transit routes) and costs (travel time, distance, tolls)
|
|
user equilibrium
|
based on the assumption that each individual chooses the route perceived as being the best
|
|
system optimal
|
users are assigned to routes so as to minimize the system wide average cost of travel, generally does not yield same result as user equilibrium
|
|
4 traffic assignment techniques outlined in Section 5.4.4 of Meyer & Miller’s text
|
minimum path (all-or-nothing), equilibrium assignment, stochastic assignment, dynamic assignment
|
|
minimum path (all-or-nothing)
|
all traffic between a given origin and
destination is loaded on the links comprising the minimum path and nothing is loaded on the other links |
|
equilibrium assignment
|
volume on links change until travel time on links become the same
|
|
stochastic assignment
|
user equilibrium, based on the assumption that each individual chooses the route perceived as being the best (i.e., each individual
minimizes or optimizes travel time or cost) |
|
dynamic assignment
|
similar to user equilibrium, but this method assigns trips over time as well
|
|
incremental assignment methods
|
assignment by link or node - assign increment of flow and then update travel times, then assign another increment of flow on new shortest time
|
|
Basics of urban planning theory.
|
planner’s objective is not merely to describe the city and its components, but rather to propose ways in which they can be changed,
|
|
3 basic concepts used to describe urban form
|
urban form, urban interaction, and urban spatial structure).
|
|
urban form
|
the spatial pattern or “arrangement” of
individual elements |
|
urban interaction
|
collective set of interrelationships, linkages, and flows (i.e., highways and streets)
|
|
urban spatial structure
|
Combines the urban form through the urban interaction with a set of
organizational rules into a city system (i.e., rent, density, income) |
|
Comprehensive plan, master plan, or general plan:
|
An official statement of a geographic unit’s policies and intentions pertaining to physical development in
the years ahead. |
|
Guidelines:
|
set of implementation techniques
|
|
Legislation:
|
Recommendations turned into bills and
enacted into law |
|
Codes
|
Housing and building codes, for example. Important implementation techniques for ensuring the quality of community growth. Establish
standards. Used at the local municipal level. |
|
Zoning:
|
Legal device for implementing local land-use plans. Ensures compatibility and controls the densities of certain parts of the community
|
|
Subdivision regulations:
|
Regulations that complement the local zoning ordinances. Control the development and change occurring within a community
|
|
Infrastructure
|
the life-support facilities of a
geographic unit, like, streets, bridges, sewers, rails, etc. |
|
4 specific types of land use models as outlined in Meyer & Miller’s text and the basis for each
|
heuristic, simulation, operational, and scenario
|
|
3 values calculated in Hansen's Accessibility Model
|
Accessibility index, development potential, and population allocated to a zone
|
|
2 types of assessment to determine transportation impacts on the urban activity system & define
|
ex post assessment - evaluate current condition with previous one "before and after"
priori assessment - with and without level of analysis, only uses forecasted data |
|
3 levels of decision making outlined for supply analysis.
|
Metropolitan-level network analysis for strategic investment, Operational or tactical planning, Scheduling of transportation services
|
|
5 major components of a transportation system and the interaction between these components.
|
system user, mode, infrastructure, intermodal connections, stakeholders
|
|
6 performance characteristics and measures used in transportation
|
speed, volume, density, capacity, level of service, headway
|
|
4 exclusive right-of-way or guideway operations
|
performance, headway, capacity, dwell time
|
|
Shared right-of-way operations (controlled vs. uncontrolled facilities).
|
controlled facilities - freeways, uncontrolled - urban
streets and sidewalks |
|
5 principles of pedestrian flow
|
comfort, convenience, safety, security, economy
|
|
pedestrian flow definition- comfort
|
weather protection, climate control, shelters
|
|
pedestrian flow definition- convenience
|
walking distances, pathway
directness, grades, sidewalk ramps, signing, maps |
|
pedestrian flow definition- safety
|
separation of pedestrians from vehicular traffic on the same horizontal plan
|
|
pedestrian flow definition- security
|
lighting, open lines of sight, degree of
street activity |
|
pedestrian flow definition- economy
|
user costs incurred by travel delay
and inconveniences, commercial development influenced by pedestrian activity |
|
pedestrian flow concepts (equation)
|
pedestrian unit flow rate = peak 15min flow rate / (15 * effective width of sidewalk)
|
|
Network flow analysis (3 ways it can be used)
|
used to determine maximum flow through a networkwith links of finite capacity, equilibrium flow through a
network, given a known set of origin-destination patterns, shortest paths between nodes within the network |