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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 steps of the traditional four-step process
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Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode Split, Traffic Asssignment; (draw the diagram if time permits)
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major pollutants emitted by automobiles and how are these emitted?
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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Particulates (PM10) emitted by exaust, Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs) emitted by evaporative emissions |
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Two simulation models available for air quality analysis? Base premise? Who developed them?
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emission models - computes HC, CO, and NO emissions for different vehicle types in low/high altitude and california, developed by EPA ; dispersion models - computes concentration of pollutants in atmosphere, developed by UC-Riverside
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factors that have an affect on vehicle emission rates (from Table 7.11)
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Vehicle parameters, fuel parameters, environmental factors, vehicle operating conditions
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methods identified to reduce emissions?
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lower VMT (connectivity, centrally focused, no high speed peripheral routes), optimize operations (keep speeds between 15 and 45 mph, minimize speed changes, minimize idle)
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3 sources of noises associated with automobiles and how can they be reduced?
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wind shear, engine & mechanical parts, tire/pavement friction, can be reduced by source, path, and receiver
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several ways for automobile noise to reach from the vehicle to the residences nearby, what are these ways?
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direct, reflected, diffracted, transmitted
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primary effects of noise?
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auditory effects (hearing loss, speech interference), physiological/sociological effects (annoyance, sleep interference), socio-economic effects (land value reduction)
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project evaluation
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process of determining the desirability of different courses of action and of presenting this information to decision makers in a comprehensive and useful form
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What are the characteristics of an effective evaluation procedure? (8 listed pp. 486-488)
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1. Focus on the decisions being faced by decision makers
2. Relate the consequences of alternatives to goals and objectives 3. Determine how different groups are affected by transportation proposals 4. Be sensitive to the time frame in which project impacts are likely to occur 5. In the case of regional transportation planning, produce information on the likely impacts of alternatives at a level of aggregation that permits varying levels of assessment 6. Analyze the implementation requirements of each alternative 7. Assess the financial feasibility of the actions recommended in the plan 8. Provide information to decision makers on the value of alternatives in a readily understandable form and in a timely fashion |
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6 general characteristics of benefits and costs?
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Real and pecuniary impacts, direct and indirect benefits & costs, tangible or intangible impacts, internal/external benefits & costs, user and nonuser benefits & costs, total and incremental costs & benefits
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6 social costs of transportation?
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1-Personal non monetary costs of using motor vehicles, 2-explicitly priced private sector motor vehicle goods and services, net of producer surplus, taxes and fees, 3-“Bundled” private sector goods (implicitly priced), 4-Government services charged partly to motor vehicles users (annual fees), 5-Monetary externalities (travel delay), 6-Non-monetary externalities (pollution)
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explain the framework for evaluation. (Sec. 8.3)?
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A hierarchy of benefits and costs commonly considered as part of a transportation planning process
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explain the cost effectiveness evaluation – why is this method useful? (Sec. 8.4)
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estimates the level of goals and objectives attainment per dollar of net expenditure, captures as much as possible all of the benefits associated with a project
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explain the four methods of single-objective assessment. (Sec. 8.6.1)
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Present worth- discount costs and benefits to get present value and compare
Annual worth- determine the discounted annual equivalent benefits and costs for each alternative and compare annualized values Benefit/cost- separate costs from benefits and compare equivalent annual (or present) values for each – calculate B/C ratio Return-on-investment- find the interest rate that balances present and future cash flows and |
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What are the characteristics of a programming process and the considerations for such a process? (Sec. 9.1)
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resource availability, resource distribution, staging of projects over time
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What is a TIP?
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transportation improvement plan
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How often must a TIP be updated?
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at least every 2 years
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What recent federal regulations have been provided for the TIP?
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1975 required each urbanized area to have a TIP
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Transportation and Land Development Cycle – explain this process.
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The construction of new arterial streets, or major reconstruction of an existing thoroughfare, modifies the accessibility of an area; this, in turn, leads to development and increased traffic demands.
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describe the basic approaches to provide information on project priorities: goal achievement
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Identifies objectives that are important to a region and subsequently links project priorities to goals achievement
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describe the basic approaches to provide information on project priorities: numerical ratings
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B/C analysis
Net present worth Cost effectiveness Bridge sufficiency ratings |
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describe the basic approaches to provide information on project priorities: priority indexes
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Most commonly used approach
Based on measures of user benefit, environmental impacts, safety, and current facility condition |
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describe the basic approaches to provide information on project priorities: programming evaluation matrices
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Similar to the evaluation matrix in Chapter 8, except that criteria relate to project priorities instead of project impacts
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describe the basic approaches to provide information on project priorities: multi-objective systems analysis techniques
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Assessment of methods that results in an “optimal” time-staged sequencing of projects over the investment period
Most often uses linear programming designed to maximize discounted net benefits subject to a series of constraints Not generally used at metropolitan level for reasons outlined in the text |
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Forces which influence the dynamics of land development
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government policy, change in family income or transport system including LOS provided by the transport system
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Transportation planning vs. site planning
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Identify major travel corridors and provide projections of the approximate volume of traffic within these corridors transportation planning cannot provide detail data such as turning volumes and peak hour volumes which are needed for actual physical facility design.
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Stratification of the planning process (4 levels). Where does site planning fit in?
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Level 1 - infinite
Level 2 - 20yr horizon Level 3 - short range, 5 to 10 yrs (site planning) Level 4 - individual public works projects and private developments |
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Linear site planning and the benefits of a systems approach
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building location and design, on-site parking & circulation, access location & design does not allow feedback or proper access design, systems approach involves engineer from the beginning
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Proposed development review process
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Financial feasibility study, Site-plan review, Traffic impact analysis (TIA)
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Purpose of a traffic impact analysis and the basic principles of access management
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determine the need for any improvements to the adjacent and nearby
road system |
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evaluation
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process of determining the desirability of different courses of action and presenting to decision makers
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benefit
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additions to a community's welfare
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cost
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diminished welfare of community or capital cost
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efficiency frontier
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slope on cost-benefit graph with highest value return
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programming
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“the matching of available projects with available
funds to accomplish the goals of a given period” |