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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Exocrine Gland
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Ducted gland (i.e. sweat glands), secretion of which is placed on neighboring epithelia
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Endocrine Gland
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Ductless gland (i.e. ovary), secretion of which is placed in the blood stream to reach a remote target (like testosterone from testes grows facial hair)
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Gland
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Secreting cell or cells in the epithelia
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Collagen
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A protein in the connective tissue that is stronger than steel (think collagen lips = hard)
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Glands - Exocrine
Holocrine |
Think "The whole damn cell breaks loose". Lots of Mitosis (i.e. oil glands on head)
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Glands - Exocrine
Merocrine |
With exocitosis, releases secretions into duct (i.e. sweat glands secreting salty sweat made of electrolytes and water).
Mer = think "mermaids" live in saltwater |
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Glands - Exocrine
Apocrine |
Think "A" for Apocrine = "A" for Armpit
Secretes electrolytes, saltwater, cytoplasm (which has nutrients, so bacteria grows and produces odor) In hairy areas (hair traps pheromones) for sexual attraction. The breast is a modified apocrine gland. |
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Features of Connective Tissue
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Specialized Cells (do 1 job well); Matrix of Extracellular Protein Fibers (fibrous) and Ground Substance (gluey or resin-like); Never exposed to environment outside body, highly vascular (blood vessels)
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Functions of Connective Tissue
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Structural Framework; Transporting Fluids; Protection of organs; Supporting, Surrounding, Interconnecting other tissues; Store energy; Defending against microbes
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Perspiration - Sensible
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You can feel the sweat
measured in liters |
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Perspiration - Insensible
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You can't feel it. About 500 ml per day (about a coffee cup worth)
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Use a Bridge Building Metaphor to describe Matrix
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Extracelluar protein fibers are like rebar, covered with ground substance which is like concrete. Gives strength and flex, like the skeleton.
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Rickets
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A disease of failure to mineralize bone, has to do with lack of Calcium and Vitamin D. Bones of legs cannot hold body weight so they bow out.
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Scurvy
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Bone shatter, not enough Collagen (need for Vitamin C) (think Vitamin "C" and "C"ollagen). Was cured by Captain Cook recommending sailors eat limes. English sailors are still called "limeys"
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What proportions of what substances make up the skeleton?
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1/2 calcium
1/3 collagen |
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How is Connective Tissue Proper categorized (two types).
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Loose (fat/adipose)
Dense (regular/irregular) |
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Connective Tissue Proper -Specialized Cells
Melanocytes |
Cell for production of the pigment Melanin. They are depicted as little umbrellas with their protective arms outstretched. Dark/light skinned people may have same number of melanocytes but different amount of pigment.
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Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells
Marophages |
These "Big Eater" phagocytes are key players in immune response to infectious microorganisms. Blood monocytes migrate into tissues of the body and there differentiate (Evolve) into macrophages. They can be fixed or free in the connective tissue.
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Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells
Plasma Cels |
Escaped from bloodstream, secretes antibodies.
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Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells
Fat Cells - Adipose Cells |
Triglycerides. Nucleas shoved off to one side, full and halo-like.
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Connective Tissue Proper- Specialized Cells
Mast Cells (mastocytes/labrocytes) |
Escaped from bloodstream, now in tissue. Releases histamines and heparin which cause swelling and fluid leakage from cells as a form of ridding the body of a threat (perceived or real). Involved in allergic reactions.
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Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells
Mesenchymal Cell - Stem Cell |
Undifferentiated cells from mesenchyme, can grow into many types of cells when needed. Renew and repair tissues.
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Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells
Fibroblast |
Makes and secretes out collagen - Blasts out collagen fibers.
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Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells
Lymphocyte |
Responsible for immune response. B Cell (Bone - makes antibodies that atatck bacteria and toxins) T Cells (Thymus - attack body cells themselves when they've been taken over by viruses/cancer). NK Cells (Natural Killer kills cells if "banner" absent)
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Connective Tissue Proper - Fibers
Reticular and Elastic Fibers |
Proteins. Reticular (Collagen Fibers for rigidity) replace Elastic (Elastin - Elasticity) fibers sometimes when damaged. Skin darker in that place.
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Types
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Lymph and Blood are types of Fluid Connective Tissue
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Specialized Cells
RBCs (Red Blood Cells) |
Carry Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide through the blood. Hemoglobin makes them look red. Also called erythrocytes. Disc shaped.
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Specialized Cells
WBCs |
Also called Leukocytes, their primary function is defense
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Specialized Cells
Platelets |
Irregular, disc-shaped element in blood that assists in clotting. They clump (aggregate) together. They are actually fragments of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Ground Substance
Plasma |
The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid, makes up half the volume. Devoid of cells and has not clotted (unlike serum). Contains antibodies and other proteins.
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Fibers
Fibrinogen |
Soluble balls of protein that can make fibers of Fibrin (the essence of a normal blood clot).
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Lymph - Specialized Cells
Lymphocytes |
T, B, NK, Plasma Cells
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Fluid Connective Tissue - lymph - Ground Substance
Lymphatic Fluid |
Almost colorless fluid, travels through lyphatic vessels in lymph system, carries cells that help fight infections/disease.
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Fluid Connective Tissue - Lymph - Fibers
Fibrinogen |
Fibrinogen is the "genesis" of Fibrin (the essence of a normal blood clot)
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Supporting Connective Tissue - 2 Types
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Cartilage Matrix and Bone Matrix
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Supporting Connective Tissue
Cartilage Matrix |
Gel with varied fiber types
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Supporting Connective Tissue
Bone Matrix |
Mineral Deposits (Calcium salts = calcified)
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Brown Fat
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Brown adipose tissue, rapid source of energy for infants, 5% of their body weight. Around Shoulder blades. Packed with mitochondria, which are energy factories, for heat. Rich supply of blood vessels. Gone by adulthood
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Adipose Tissue
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How the body stores energy, triglycerides. Yellow in color.
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Bone composition
Periosteum |
Thin layers of protective connective tissue around bone itself.
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Bone composition
Cartilage |
Cushion at the ends of bones, over periosteum. Covered with perichondrium.
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Bone composition
Perichondrium |
Goes around cartilage at the end of bone
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Bone Cell composition
Osteocytes |
Canaliculi (mini-canals to supply blood) Lacuna (mini-"lagoons" that blood runs into; matrix and fibers
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