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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social learning theory
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Theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others
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Social cognitive theory
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Theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectations to social learning theory
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Reciprocal determinism
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An explanation of behaviour that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and the environment on each other
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Self-efficacy
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A person's sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task
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Mastery experiences
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Our own direct experiences - the most powerful source of efficacy information
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Arousal
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Physical and psychological reactions causing a person to feel alert, excited, or tense
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Vicarious experiences
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Accomplishments that are modelled by someone else
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Modelling
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Changes in behaviour, thinking, or emotions that happen through observing another person
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Social persuasion
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A "pep talk" or specific performance feed back - one source of self-efficacy
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Teachers' sense of efficacy
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A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn
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Self-regulation
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Process of activating and sustaining thoughts, behaviours, and emotions in order to reach goals
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Volition
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Will power; self-discipline; work styles that protect opportunities to reach goals by applying self-regulated learning
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Self-regulated learning
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A view of learning as skills and will applied to analyzing learning tasks, setting goals, and planning how to do the task, applying skills, and especially making adjustments about how learning is carried out
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Agency
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The capacity to coordinate learning skills, motivation, and emotions to reach your goals
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Constructivism
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View that emphasizes the active role of the learning in building understanding and making sense of information
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First wave constructivism
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A focus on the individual and psychological sources of knowing, as in Piaget's theory
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Radical constructivism
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Knowledge is assumed to be the individual's construction; it cannot be judged right or wrong
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Appropriate
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Internalize or take for yourself knowledge and skills developed in interaction with others or with cultural tools
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Second wave constructivism
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A focus on the social and cultural sources of knowing, as in Vygotsky's theory
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Community of practice
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Social situation or context in which ideas are judged useful or true
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Situated learning
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The idea that skills and knowledge are tied to the situation in which they were learned and difficult to apply in new settings
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Complex learning environments
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Problems and learning situations that mimic the ill-structured nature of real life
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Social negotation
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Aspect of learning process that relies on collaboration with others and respect for different perspectives
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Intersubjective attitude
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A commitment to build shared meaning with others by finding common ground and exchanging interpretations
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Multiple representations of content
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Considering problems using various analogies, examples, and metaphors
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Spiral curriculum
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Bruner's design for teaching that introduces the fundamental structure of all subjects early in the school years, then revisits the subjects in more and more complex forms over time
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Inquiry learning
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Approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation and students solve the problem by gathering data and testing their conclusions
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Problem-based learning
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Methods that provide students with realistic problems that don't necessarily have "right" answers
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Anchored instruction
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A type of problem-based learning that uses a complex interesting situation as an anchor for learning
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Instructional conversation
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Situation in which students learn through interactions with teachers and/or other students
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Cognitive apprenticeship
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A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under the guidance of an expert
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Stand-alone thinking skills programs
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Programs that teach thinking skills directly without need for extensive subject matter knowledge
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Critical thinking
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Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, the evidence, and the solution
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Fostering communities of learners (FCL)
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A system of interacting activities that results in a self-consciously active and reflective learning environment, and uses a research, share, perform learning cycle
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