251 Exam 2

Study of how hereditary material is transferred

All genetic material in a cell

Parent strand is divided, the new strands are half new and half old

First step, genes to proteins

1. Rna polymerase binds to promoter and initiates DNA unraveling2. Rna polymerase assembles free ribonucleotides into chains of rna3. Rna polymerase moves down the gene adding to the rna chain that exists as a single strand4. Rna synthesis continues until rna polymerase hits a terminator5. Rho termination facilitates rna strand dissociation from the dna

Rna to protein, second step

Messenger rna

Groups of 3 bases, specific to an amino acid

Process of having multiple codons for each amino acid

Transfer rna with an amino acid attached

Site where 16S rna binds to ribosome for translation

Catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acids

Ribosome subunits come together around mRNA

Amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain

Ribosome-mRNA complex disassembles and releases protein

Genetic makeup of an organism

Observable traits an organism has

Change in the genetic makeup

When a change in one nucleotide results in a change of 1 amino acid

Occurs when base change results in a nonsense codon which stops protein synthesis

Occurs when one nucleotide is either added or subtracted

Bacteria swapping genetic material between individuals independent from reproduction

Gene transfer from parent to offspring

Transformation, conjugation, transduction

1920s, was the first to demonstrate transformation

Ability to transfer a copy of some of its genome directly to another bacteria

Small, self replicating circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA

Extremely hot temperatures

Hot temperature

Most pathogens, flora, human temp

Mostly cold, storage temp

Really, really cold

Tolerate low pH

Require high salt to live

Do not require high salt but can survive in them, 2%

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

Solves the problem of superoxide radicals, creates peroxide

-2H2O2 - - > 2H2O + O2

Deals with peroxide

Allows the growth of organisms in a lab

Introduce media to a medium

The bacteria that is being transferred

Refers to the bacteria after is starts growing

We do not know everything that's in it or how much

Common solid media

Media which has no oxygen

Oven like creations that maintain temperature, CO2, hydrogen and moisture levels

Small vessels which we can add CO2

to remove oxygen

To study one bacteria at a time, selective, differential and enrichment

Encourages growth of target organism

Allows one microbe to be differentiated from others

Helps grow target organism

First inoculation, gearing up for rapid growth

Cells are actively dividing in exponential format

Nutrients run out, waste builds up, pH change, cells die and growth becomes 0

Nutrients decrease, toxicity increases, death overtakes growth

Where a sample is combined with molten agar and poured into a plate

Sample of bacteria are spead over the top of a solidified agar

Culture is combined with antifreeze and rapidly frozen and maintained at extremely low temperatures

Freeze drying, no cryoprotectant, vacuum is applied, can be stored at room temp for centuries

Slimy layer of DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides that provides protection

Complex microbial communities

Absolutely require living host cells in order to multiply

Made up of capsomeres, for protection

Stolen nuclear membrane wrapped around virus

Protrusion that tells the virus what to infect

Bacterial viruses that have complex structures

What organisms a virus can infect

Select infection of a few cells or tissues

Ends with lysis and death of host cell

Host cell can remain alive if the virus incorporates its DNA as a prohage into the DNA of the host

The area of lysis

Deliberate application of phages to kill bacteria in infected tissue to attack viruses

Protein that recognizes a specific nucleotide and cuts the DNA there

Visible changes in the host cell of a virus

Unregulated cellular division

Gene who's product is involved in the transforming of cells, controls division

Virus that has the oncogene in its DNA and spreads it

Get sick, get better

Infection that causes symptoms, hides in DNA, re-emerges when the immune response stops, in a cyclee

Infection that over long period of time, keeps coming back, it's a build up of virus that wears out the immune system