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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genetics |
Study of hereditary material |
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Genome |
All the genetic material of the cell |
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Semiconservative replication |
Where the parent strand is split into two, and a new strand is attached to each |
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Transcription |
First step in going from genes to proteins, where a gene is copied into mRNA |
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Translation |
Where code from mRNA is decoded to a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide bond |
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mRNA |
Messanger rna, go from DNA to the ribosome |
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Codon |
A group of 3 bases that specify a particular amino acid |
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Degeneracy |
The process of having multiple codons for each amino acid |
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Charged tRNA |
A molecule that has an amino acid bound to it |
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Ribosome binding site |
The EPA sites, where translation starts E = exit site P = peptide bond site A = site of entry for tRNA |
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Peptidyl transferase |
An enzyme on the ribosome that forms peptide bonds between amino acids in translation |
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Missense mutation |
Caused by base substitution |
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Frameshift mutation |
Caused by base addition or deletion |
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Nonsense mutation |
Caused by base substitution |
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Genotype |
Genetic makeup of an organism |
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Phenotype |
Observable traits an organism has |
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Mutation |
Change in the genetic makeup of an organism |
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Horizontal gene transfer |
In bacteria, swapping of genetic material between individuals independent of reproduction |
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Vertical gene transfer |
Transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring, sexual or asexual |
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Plasmids |
Small self-replicating, Circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA |
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Hyperthermophiles |
Organism that can live in extremely hot environments |
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Thermophiles |
Organisms that live in extremely high temperatures |
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Mesophiles |
Organisms that live in moderate temperatures |
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Psychrotrophs |
Bacteria that live in extreme cold |
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Acidophiles |
Extremely tolerant of low pH |
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Obligate halophiles |
Organisms that have adapted to and require high salt environments |
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Facultative halophiles |
Organisms that live in high salt concentration, but doesn't have to |
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Superoxide dismutase |
Catalyzes -O2 + -O2 2H+ == H2O2 + O2 |
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Catalase |
Deals with peroxide, catalyzes -2H2O2 == 2H2O + O2 |
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Culture media |
Allows growth of organisms in a lab with controlled conditions |
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Inoculation |
When bacteria is introduced to a media |
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Inoculum |
The bacteria used in a media |
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Culture |
The breeding of bacteria |
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Complex media |
We do not know everything in it, or how much there is |
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Chemically defined media |
We know everything that is in it and how much |
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Agar |
Complex polysaccharide derived from marine algae |
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Reduced media |
Media which has no oxygen |
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Incubator |
An oven like creation |
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Anaerobic jar |
Small vessels which can add CO2 as well as remove O2 |
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Pure culture |
A culture with one type of bacteria |
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Selective media |
Encourages the growth of one organism |
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Differential media |
Allows for one microbe to be differentiated from others grown on the plate |
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Enrichment media |
Increases the number of target bacteria to be cultured |
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Generation time |
Time required for one cell to divide and become two |
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Log phase |
Cells are actively dividing in exponential format |
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Lag phase |
Occurs when cells are first inoculated and are adjusting to the culture |
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Stationary phase |
Nutrients run out, waste builds up, pH will change, cells begin to die and growth slows |
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Death phase |
Toxicity of media increases and death becomes more rampant than growth |
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Pour plating |
Where a sample is combined with molten agar and poured into a plate |
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Spread plating |
Sample of bacteria is spread over solidified agar |
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Snap freezing |
Culture is combined with antifreeze |
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Lyphilization |
A culture is put in a tube and snap frozen |
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Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) |
Layer of secreted DNA, proteins and polysaccharides |
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Biofilms |
A thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface |