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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 unique properties of water? |
1. Solvency 2. Cohesion 3. Adhesion 4. Chemical reactivity 5. Thermal stability |
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What is an acid? |
A proton donor (H+); increases concentration of H+ |
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What is a base? |
A proton acceptor; increases concentration of OH |
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What are reaction rates affected by? |
Concentration Temperature Catalysts |
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What are the 2 divisions of metabolism? |
Catabolism + Anabolism |
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What is anabolism? |
A subdivision of the metabolism that consists of energy-storing synthesis reactions such as the production of protein or fat. Endergonic reactions. |
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What is catabolism? |
A subdivision of the metabolism that consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Exergenic reactions. |
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What is oxidation? |
The loss of electrons and release of energy |
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What is reduction? |
The gain of electrons and gain of energy |
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What are carbohydrates? |
hydrophilic macromolecules with the general formula (CH2O)n |
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What is a monosaccharide? |
The simplest form of sugar. Examples: glucose, fructose |
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What is a disaccharide? |
2 monosaccharides Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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What is an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide? |
More than 2 or 3 monosaccharides Examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose |
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What is glycogen? |
Polysaccharide that stores sugar (humans) |
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What is starch? |
Polysaccharide that stores sugar (plant) |
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What is cellulose? |
Polysaccharide that stores sugar for structural purposes (plants) |
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What is a conjugated carbohydrate? |
A carbohydrate attached to another molecule |
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What is a glycolipid? |
A conjugated carbohydrate Lipids with short sugar chains Found in all cell membranes |
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What is a glycoprotein? |
A conjugated carbohydrate Protein with sugar chains Found in membrane, mucus, saliva, tears |
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What is a proteoglycan? |
A conjugated carbohydrate Long sugar chains with small peptide or proteins attached Found in cell adhesion, gels, cartilage (Supportive filler of some tissues and organs) |
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What is a lipid? |
A hydrophobic macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen High H to O ratio A lot of variability in structure and function |
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What are various structures of lipids? |
Fatty Acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Eicosanoids Steroids |
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What is a fatty acid? |
Lipid Long chains of carbon with surrounding hydrogens |
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What is a saturated fat? |
A fatty acid that is fully surrounded by hydrogen Solid at RT Trans structure A form of a lipid |
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What is unsaturated fat? |
A fatty acid with a double bond Not fully surrounded by hydrogen Liquid at RT Cis structure A form of a lipid |
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What is a triglyceride? |
A large lipid molecule with glycerol backbone Has 3 attached fatty acid chains |
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What is a phospholipid? |
Phosphate group with 2 long, fatty acid tails Amphipathic Type of lipid |
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What are eicosanoids? |
Allow cells to communicate with each other Type of lipid |
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What are steroids? |
Start as cholesterol and are modified into sex hormones, then turn into lipids |
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What are proteins? |
Polymer of amino acids R-groups provide characteristics >100 amino acids |
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What are the 4 structure levels of protein? |
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary |
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What is a prion? |
A proteinaceous, infectious protein particle that is misfolded and has the ability to modify the structure of other proteins Example: mad cow disease, BSE in cattle, scrapie in sheep, vCJD in humans, Kuru |
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What are the functions of proteins? (7) |
1. Structure 2. Communication 3. Membrane transport 4. Catalysis 5. Recognition and protection 6. Movement (incl. Kinesin & Dynein) 7. Cell adhesion |
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What are enzymes? |
Act as catalysts to encourage chemical reactions to occur by: reducing required activation energy Act on substrates by binding at active site Specificity; they are selective in their functions |
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What is a nucleotide? |
Made up of a monosaccharide, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
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What are 4 types of nitrogenous bases? |
1. Adenine 2. Thymine/Uracil 3. Cytosine 4. Guanine |
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What does the kinases enzyme do? |
It modifies other proteins y chemically adding a phosphate group by phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group) |
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What is ATPase? |
specialized to hydrolyze the 3rd phosphate bond, producing ADP and an inorganic phosphate group Most energy escapes as heat |
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What composes an ATP? |
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates |
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What are nucleic acids? |
Polymer of nucleotides Example: RNA, DNA |
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What is a solution? |
Clear, transparent, homogenous mixture with no effect on light There is no effect on sedimentation |
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What is a colloid? |
cloudy, but uniform and homogenous effect on light: dispersed by colloidial particles No effect of sedimentation |
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What is a suspension? |
Cloudy, heterogenous; at least 2 substances are visible Effect on light: variable Effect of sedimentation: particles will eventually settle out Example: Snow globe |
