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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the hierarchy of structural order |
Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organisms |
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What is cell differentiation? |
The development of cells with specialised structure and function from unspecialised precursor cells |
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Give some examples of specialised cells |
Red blood cells Muscle cells Sperm cells Sweat glands Intestinal cells |
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What are protists? |
Single celled organisms capable of carrying out processes that characterise living organisms |
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What are the four types of tissues? |
Epithelium Nerve Muscle Connective |
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What are the 5 types of epithelial cells? Give examples of each. |
Cuboidal: secretion (Eg. thyroid gland) Pseudostratified columnar: mucus membrane (Eg. respiratory tract) Simple squamous: diffusion (Eg. Lining of blood vessels) Stratified squamous: rapid regeneration (Eg. Skin) Simple columnar: secretion and absorption (Eg. Intestinal lining) |
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Describe the two sides of epithelial cells |
Apical side faces cavity or outside of organ so is exposed to fluid or air. Basal surface interacts with other cells. |
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What are goblet cells? |
Cells in the intestine that secrete mucus. |
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What is Connective tissue? |
Cells sparsely distributed in an extracellular matrix. The matrix may be solid, jelly or liquid. |
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What protein fibres are found in Connective tissue? |
Collagen Elastic Reticular |
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Give some examples of Connective tissue |
Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Bone made from osteoblasts. Cartilage: collagen fibres Blood (plasma matrix) Adipose tissue |
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How does bone form? |
Cells called osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen. Calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions form a hard mineral within the matrix. Bone forms, made up of repeating units of layers of mineralised matrix, called osteons. |
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How is cartilage formed? |
Chondrocyte cells secrete collagen and a protein carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate, which together make the strong and flexible cartilage. Cartilage is replaced by bone in maturing vertabrate embryos. |
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What does blood plasma consist of? |
Water, salt, dissolved proteins Red blood cells (enythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets |
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What does blood plasma consist of? |
Water, salt, dissolved proteins Red blood cells (enythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets |
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What do blood cells do? |
Erythrocytes carry oxygen Leukocytes aid in defense Platelets cause clotting |
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What does loose connective tissue matrix consist of? |
Fibroblasts that secrete fibre proteins Macrophages that undergo phagocytosis |
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What does loose tissue do? |
Holds organs in place by forming mesenteries that attach epithelia to tissues. |
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What does Adipose tissue do? |
Stores fat as insulation Stores food |
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What do fat droplets do? |
Swell when fat is stored in the cell and shrink when fat is used |
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What is collagen? |
A glycoprotein that makes up tendons and ligaments |
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What do tendons do? |
Attach muscles to bones |
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What do ligaments do? |
Attach joints |
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Name the three types of muscle cell |
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
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Describe skeletal muscle |
Located around limbs Striated Voluntary contraction High Power |
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Describe Cardiac muscle |
Located in the heart Striated Involulantary contractions High Power |
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Describe smooth muscle |
Located in gut, blood vessels Non-striated Involuntary contractions Low power |
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What are the two nervous systems? |
Central nervous system (brain and spinal chord) Peripheral nervous system (sensory and motor neurons) |
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How does MS occur? |
White blood cells attack the myelin sheath on neurons in the brain and spinal chord, blocking nerve signals. |
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What are the 3 layers of skin? |
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis |
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What does the arrector pili do? |
Cause hair to stand on end by controlling hair follicle contractions |
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What are single celled organisms called? |
Amoeba |
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What are 2 cell layered organisms called? |
Hydra |
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What are Phylum Cnidaria? |
Organisms that exist at tissue level (have no organs) Eg. Jellyfish |
