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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perissodactyla |
Single toed animals |
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Artiodactyla |
Cloven toed animals |
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Foot and mouth disease is unique to... |
Artiodactyla (cloven toed animals) |
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Order of domestication |
Dogs Sheep, goats, pigs, & cattle Draft cattle & buffalo Horses & donkeys Poultry Turkeys |
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What type of milk is naturally homogenized? |
Goat milk |
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Domestication of dogs |
12,000 years ago |
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Domestication of sheep, goats, pigs, & cattle |
9,000 - 7,000 BCE |
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Domestication of draft cattle & buffalo |
4,000 BCE |
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Domestication of horses & donkeys |
3,000 BCE |
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Domestication of poultry |
2,000 BCE |
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Domestication of turkeys |
14th century |
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What country is #1 in cattle? |
Brazil |
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What country is #1 in swine, sheep, & chicken? |
China |
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What country is #1 in goats? |
India |
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What country is #1 in horses and turkeys? |
U.S. |
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NAFTA |
North American free trade agreement |
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CAFO |
Concentrated animal feeding operation |
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FAO |
Food and agriculture organization |
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NRC |
National research council |
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APHIS |
USDA APHIS Animal and plant health inspection service |
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Who overlooks animal nutrition requirements? |
NRC |
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Who is responsible for monitoring processing plants? |
APHIS |
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Lard |
Fat from pigs |
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Tallow |
Fat from cattle |
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Why is meat and bone meal never fed to other ruminants? |
For fear of spreading foot and mouth disease - only ruminants/cloven toed animals are susceptible |
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What is premarin used to treat? |
Menopause |
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What does PMU stand for? |
"Pregnant mare urine" |
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Why are plant-based estrogen supplements not used as often as premarin? |
They are not as readily absorbed by human digestive systems |
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What are some approved protocols for disposal of livestock? |
- Removal by a licensed rendering company - Compost the carcass - Burn the carcass in an incinerator - Bury the carcass at least 4 ft underground |
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What is composting? |
The process of accelerating the decay process |
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What is the preferred C:N ratio? |
25:1 |
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What is the optimal temperature for incineration? Why is it optimal? |
120-150 F Assures optimal decay rates and the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms |
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What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
A D E K |
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What are the water soluble vitamins? |
B vits C |
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What are the ten essential amino acids? |
MATT HILL VP Methionine Arginine Tryptophan Threonine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Valine Phenylalanine |
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What do inorganic minerals NOT contain? |
Carbon |
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Why is excess protein not absorbed? |
It is processed by the kidneys and released through the urine |
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Why is it not recommended to give extra protein in feed? |
Extra protein not absorbed Algae coagulates around released nitrogen "Expensive urine" |
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What are the 3 electrolytes? |
Potassium Sodium Chlorine |
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What is the ideal Ca:P ratio? |
2:1 |
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What are the 7 macrominerals? |
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Sulfur (S) |
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What are the ten microminerals? |
Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Manganese (Mn) Selenium (Se) Iodine (I) Molybdenum (Mo) Cobalt (Co) Chromium (Cr) Fluorine (F) |
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What does Vitamin A help with? |
Eyes Hooves Epithelial tissue |
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What does Vitamin D help with? |
"Sunshine vitamin" Bone health Calcium and phosphorus regulation |
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What does Vitamin E help with? |
Antioxidant effects |
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What does Vitamin K help with? |
Blood clotting |
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Where is Vitamin K synthesized? |
In the rumen and cecum by microbes |
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What do deficiencies in Vit E and Se lead to? |
White muscle disease |
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What are some examples of monogastrics? |
Humans Pigs Dogs Cats Rats Horses* Chicken* |
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Monogastric system |
Mouth Esophagus Stomach = cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter Small intestine = duodenum, jejunum, ileum Cecum Large intestine |
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Why can't horses vomit? |
They have a one-way cardiac sphincter |
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What is the small intestine the primary site of? |
Absorption and digestion |
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What occurs in the duodenum? |
Enzymatic breakdown & digestion |
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Avian digestive tract |
Mouth Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard (ventriculus) Small intestine Ceca (paired) Large intestine Cloaca |
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Where do birds store food? |
Crop |
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What is the proventriculus analogous to in humans? |
The gastric stomach |
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What does the gizzard (ventriculus) do? |
Grinds food with opposing muscles |
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What are the ceca part of? |
The large intestine |
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How are horses monogastrics, yet specialized? |
They have a fully functional cecum behind their small intestine |
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What occurs in the cecum? |
Fermentation, microbial digestion of leftover nutrients |
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What does the cecum produce? |
Ethanol |
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What are some examples of ruminants? |
Cattle Sheep Goats Llamas Alpacas |
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What are the four compartments of ruminant stomachs? |
Reticulum Rumen Omasum Abomasum |
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Fermentation products: |
Volatile fatty acids (used for energy) Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Lactic acid (undesirable) B complex vitamins Gas Methane CO2 Heat |
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Pig GI anatomy |
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum) Anus |
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Where does absorption occur in pigs? |
In the jejunum |
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Chicken GI anatomy |
Beak/mouth Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard/ventriculus Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, duodenal loop) Large intestine (two ceca, colon) Cloaca |
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Ruminant GI anatomy |
Mouth Esophagus Forestomach Small intestine Large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum) Anus |
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What is the reticulum known as? |
The "honeycomb stomach" |
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What does the rumen act as? |
A very large fermentation vat |
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What does the omasum act as/do? |
Particulate filter Absorption of water, minerals, & products of rumen fermentation |
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What is the abomasum analogous to in humans? |
The gastric stomach |
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What does the rumen do? |
Digests |
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Classification of concentrates? |
High in energy Low in fiber Highly digestible |
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Classification of roughages? |
Less digestible Lower in energy High in fiber |
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Who can eat silage? |
Only ruminants 30-35% moisture, fermented |
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Types of grain concentrates? |
Whole/processed grains Coarse mixed, "sweet feed" Pelleted feed Extruded feed |
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AAFCO |
Association of American feed control officials |
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What does the AAFCO do? |
Pet food label requirements |
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What hormones does the ovary produce? |
Estrogen (Graafian follicle) Progesterone (corpus luteum) |
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What is a follicle? |
Blister-like structure that contains maturing ovum Surrounding tissues produce estrogen |
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What is the corpus hemorrhagicum? |
"Wound" at site where follicle ruptured (ovulated) |
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What is the corpus luteum? |
"Yellow body" Produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy |
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What is the corpus albicans? |
White scar that remains after the corpus luteum has regressed |
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Order of uterine changes during cycle: |
Primordial follicles (until puberty) Oocytes Dominant "Graafian" follicle (major estrogen producer) Antrum - the fluid filled cavity Ovulating follicle Corpus hemorrhagicum Corpus luteum Corpus albicans |
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When/why is the corpus luteum lysed? |
When PGF2a (prostaglandin F2a) signals that there is no pregnancy |
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What is the zona pellucida? |
Outside layer of the ovum |
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What are the functions of the oviduct? |
Transport of ova and sperm Site of fertilization and early cleavage |
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What is the site of fertilization? |
The ampullary-isthmus junction (AIJ) |
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Parts of the oviduct? |
Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus |
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What is the uterotubule junction? |
UTJ Junction between isthmus and uterine horn Under nervous control - like a door that pulsates Helps ensure survival of the fittest (sperm) Can kink to block sperm entry until "right time" |
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Uterine functions |
Assists in sperm transport Regulation of CL via secretion of PGF2a Site of implantation & pregnancy Expulsion of fetus & fetal membranes |
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Uterus anatomy |
Perimetrium (outermost layer) Myometrium (uses lots of calcium) Endometrium (innermost layer) |
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What are the three types of uteruses? |
Duplex Bicornuate Simplex |
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Examples of a duplex uterus |
Opossum Mouse Rabbit |
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What is a duplex uterus? |
2 cervixes No uterine body 1-2 vaginas Uterine horns |
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Examples of a bicornuate uterus? |
Cow Ewe Mare Sow Bitch Queen |
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What is a bicornuate uterus? |
1 cervix Uterine body 2 uterine horns 1 vagina |
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Examples of a simplex uterus? |
Primates |
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What is a simplex uterus? |
1 cervix 1 uterine body No uterine horns 1 vagina |
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Cervix function |
Passageway for sperm Storage reservoir for sperm Holds & releases sperm over time Barrier - uterus vs. environment Provides lubrication Passageway for fetus at birth |
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Vagina functions |
Female copulatory organ at mating Birth canal at parturition Serves as dual role of passageway for the repro organs & structures |
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Hens (repro) |
Left oviduct usually forms, but right can form if something happens to the left Infundibulum catches yolk from ovary Eggs develop inside out Shell formed in uterus Cycle every 24 hrs Chalazae hold yolk in center of egg |
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Repro organs of the hen |
Oviduct: ovary to the cloaca Infundibulum: 3-4 inches long, receives the yolk Magnum: 15 inches long, secretes albumin Isthmus: 4 inches, adds the shell membranes Uterus: 4 inches long, shell gland, secretes thin white albumin, the shell, & shell pigment Vagina: 2 inches long In oviduct, egg develops broad-end down Rotates 180 degrees in vagina for passage |
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What do testes produce? |
Sperm and testosterone |
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What controls scrotum nearness/farness to the body? |
The spermatic cord |
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Where is sperm produced? |
Seminiferous tubules of testes |
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Examples of fibroelastic species |
Bull Boar Deer Sheep Goat |
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Sperm passageway |
Corpus (body) Caput (head) Cauda (tail) Rete testis Vas deferens |
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What does oxytocin do? |
Promotes contractions in cauda epididymus to transfer sperm out of testes |
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Testes functions |
Gametogenesis Produces spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules Endocrine Produces testosterone in the Leydig cells (interstitial cells) |
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What does the midpiece of sperm have? |
Mitochondria |
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What does the head of the sperm have? |
Nucleus |
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Parts of the sperm |
Head (nucleus) Midpiece (mitochondria) Tail |
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Cryptorchid |
Testes retained in inguinal canal or body wall |
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Sertori cells functions |
Provide nutrients to forming sperm Can become sertori cell cancer in cryptorchids |
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Epididymus functions |
Concentration Storage Maturation Transport of spermatozoa Caput & corpus: Prepare & mature sperm Cauda: Sperm storage |
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What does Viagra interact with? |
Nitric oxide |
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Accessory sex glands |
Ampullae Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands |
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Ampullae function |
Secretary glands Enlargement at end of vas deferens |
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Seminal vesicles functions |
Paired glands Attached to urethra near bladder Produce large volume of fluid to flush & prep Acts as vehicle for sperm transport Contains fructose |
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Prostate gland functions |
Compound gland lying over urethra at neck of bladder Secretion and stimulate sperm activity |
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Bulbourethral glands functions |
Below prostate on either side of urethra Secretes viscous mucus-like gel |
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What species does not have ampullae? |
Boar |
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Thermoregulation |
Optimal temp: 4-5 degrees below body temp Scrotum & skin cools area with sweating Tunica dartos Smooth muscle, lies just underneath skin, contracts to decrease surface area by pulling testes closer to the body Cremaster muscle Vertical striated muscle, regulates temp by lifting/lowering testes to/from body Pampiniform plexus Network of capillaries, "radiator," heat exchange, testosterone exchange |
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Rooster |
Testes inside body No penis Hen & rooster invert cloacas Phallus Transports sperm Testes, vas deferens, no sperm storage Cloaca considered copulatory organ Increased body temp, despite successful spermatogenesis |
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Animals with internal testes |
Roosters Elephants Marine animals |
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What does sperm contain? |
Spermatozoa & seminal plasma |
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Where does hen fertilization occur? |
Magnum |
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Horse breeding |
Long day breeders |
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Sheep/goat breeding |
Short day breeders |
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Cattle & pigs breeding |
Nonseasonal breeders |
