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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Agency
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The ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures
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Academic anthropology
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Using previous research to expand knowledge about a topic and develop theoretical understandings
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Activist anthropology
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Use anthropological research to solve a real-world problem
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Applied anthropology
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the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals
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Biological determinism
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explains why people do and think what they do by considering biological factors
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cultural constructionism
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human behaviour and ideas are best explained as products of culturally shaped learning
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cultural materialism
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takes material features of life, such as the environment, natural resources, mode of livelihood, as the bases for explaining social organization
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cultural relativism
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each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of other cultures
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ethnocentrism
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judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standard of other cultures
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functionalism
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the theory that a culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole
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holism
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cultures are complex systems that cannot be fully understood without paying attention to their different components
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structurism
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the ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures
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deductive approach
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research method that involves posing a research question (hypothesis), gathering data related to the question, and assessing the finding in relation to the original hypothesis
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emic
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insiders perceptions and categories and their explanation for why they do what they do
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ethnography
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a detailed description of a living culture based on personal observation and study
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etic
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outside analysis in studying culture
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inductive approach
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a research approach that avoids hypothesis in advance and takes its lead from the culture being studies
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multi-sited research
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fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the culture of dispersed members of the culture
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qualitative data
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non-numeric information
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quantitative data
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numeric information
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rapport
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a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population
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agriculture
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a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plotting, irrigation, and fertilizer
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balanced exchange
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a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value
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consumerism
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mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands, and involves an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them
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expected reciprocity
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an exchange of approximately equally valued goods and services, usually between people roughly equal in social status
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extensive strategy
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form of livelihood involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spacial mobility
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foraging
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mode of livelihood based on resources that are available in nature through hunting, fishing, gathering (sustainable)
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generalized reciprocity
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exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return
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horticulture
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mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools
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industrialism/informatics
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mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media
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intensive strategy
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form of livelihood that involves continuous use of the same land and resources
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minimalism
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a mode of consumption that emphasized simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands and involves an adequate an sustainable means to achieve them
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mode of consumption
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dominant pattern in a culture of using up goods and services
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mode of exchange
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dominant pattern in a culture of transferring goods, services, and other items among people and groups
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mode of livelihood
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the dominant way of making a living in a culture
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redistribution
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a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from any members of a group who then, at a later time and at a public event, "returns" the pooled goods to everyone who contributed
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unbalanced exchange
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a system of transfers in which one party attempts to make a profit
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amazon
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biologically female takes on a male gender role
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berdache
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blurred gender category, biologically male but takes on a female gender role
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demographic transition
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change from agricultural pattern of high fertility/high mortality to low fertility/low mortality
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infancide
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killing of an infant or child
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mode of reproduction
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predominant pattern of population change through the combined effect of fertility and mortality
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pronatalism
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an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing
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applied medical anthropology
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application of anthropological knowledge to further the goals of health-care providers
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community healing
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healing that emphasizes the social context as a key component and that is carried out within the public domain
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critical medical anthropology
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an approach with medical anthropology involving the analysis of how economic and political structures shape peoples health status
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disease
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biological health problem that is objective and universal
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ecological/epidemiological approach
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approach with medical anthropology that considers how aspects of the natural environment and social environment interact to cause illness
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ethno-etiology
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culturally specific cause for health problems and suffering
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illness
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biological health problems that is objective and universal
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phytotherapy
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healing through the use of plants
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somatization
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the process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering
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susto
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fright/shock disease, culture-specific illness found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live
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endogamy
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marriage within a particular group
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exogamy
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marriage outside a particular group
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achieved position
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a persons standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action
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ascribed position
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a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained
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primary group
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a social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis
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secondary group
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a group of people who identify with one another on some basis but may never meet with one another personally
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social group
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a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on groups other than kinship
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social stratification
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relationships among different groups as if they were arranged in layers
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authority
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the ability to take action based on a person's achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation
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big-man or big-woman system
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form of political organization midway between tribe and chiefdom and involving reliance on the leadership of key individuals who develop a political following through personal ties
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chiefdom
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form of political organization that permanently allied tribes and villages have one recognized leader
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corporate social responsibility
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business ethics that seek to generate profits for the corporation while avoiding harm to people and the environment
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critical legal anthropology
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examines the role of law and judicial processes
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moka
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strategy for developing political leadership in highland New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favours with individuals and sponsoring large feasts
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call system
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oral communication among nonhuman primates
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critical discourse analysis
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examines how power and social inequality are reflected and reproduced in communication
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critical media anthropology
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examines how power interests shape peoples access to media and influence the contents of its messages
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discourse
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culturally patterned verbal language
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displacement
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feature of human language whereby people are able to talk about events in the past and future
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ethnosemantics
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the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences
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khipu
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cords of knotted strings used during the Inca empire for recording events
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logograph
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a symbol that makes a difference for meaning in a spoken language
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phoneme
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a sound that makes a difference for meaning in a spoken language
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pidgin
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a contact language that blends elements of at least two languages that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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language determines thought
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sociolinguistics
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social position determines language
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acculturation
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form of cultural change where a minority culture becomes the dominant culture
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assimilation
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when a culture is acculturated and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity
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critical development anthropology
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when the anthropologist takes a critical thinking role and asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued
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social capital
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resources existing in social ties, trust and cooperation
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traditional development anthropology
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anthropologist accepts the role of helping to make development work better by providing cultural information to planners
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