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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Holism |
the assumption that any given aspect of human life is to be studied with an eye to its relation to other aspects of human life. |
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Gender Roles in Culture |
All societies have sex appropriate roles
Culture creates the idea of gender and our perception of what a man or woman is in society |
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Empiricism |
Reliance on observable and quantifiable data |
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Low-energy Budget |
An adaptive strategy by which a minimum of energy s used to extract sufficient resources from the environment for survival
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Europeans are accustomed to seeing the world and people as... |
fixed and unchanging |
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Five major patterns of food procurement |
Foraging, Horticulture/Subsistence, Pastoralism, Intensive, Industrial |
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Example of subsistence agriculture |
Yanomamo |
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Political Ecology |
Focuses on the ecological consequences of the distribution of power |
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Stephen Jay Gould, three principles of evolution |
1. Quirky shifts, latent potential 2. Redundancy 3. Flexibility |
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Ethnocentrism |
the tendency to judge the customs of other societies by your own standards |
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Limits in our culture |
Everyone has their own boundaries and customs that are different from others |
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Environment |
Every factor that impinges on the life chances of the individual |
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Call systems |
A repetoire of sounds, each of which is produced in response to a particular situation
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Hypothesis |
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that a researcher plans to account |
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Using language |
Involves structures in the brain that other animals lack |
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What did Lawrence B. Slobodkin argue? |
4 Patterns of change of all environments 2. Frequency (how often) 3. Magnitude (how much) 4. Duration (how long) |
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When was the cerebral cortex and all of its functions fully developed? |
100,000 years |
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Who controls the land in nonindustrial societies? |
Groups of people rather than individuals |
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Industrial Agriculture |
Farming using large inputs of fossil fuel and industrial technology
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Perception of ideas |
Always selective and varies from person to person |
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Ethnographic Present |
The information gathered now applies to when it was actually collected |
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How is a behavior trait or propensity shaped? |
Its shaped by interactions of genes and influences from the environment |
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Niche |
What it does to survive
The environmental requirements and tolerances of a species |
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Testing hypothesis |
How you test theoretical expectation |
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Scientific holism |
All organic and inorganic matter can be described, measured, and related to the larger whole |
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How are ecology and evolution closely related? |
Evolution involves traits that best suit an organism for its environment being passed on |
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Species change over time as organisms... |
adapt to their environment |
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Where did modern humans initially evolve in? |
Africa |
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Generalize Reprocity |
Informal gift giving for which no accounts are kept and no immediate or specific return is expected |
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Three types of reciprocity |
1.Generalized 2.Balanced 3. Negative |
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Potlatch |
Reciprocal feasting and gift giving that can involve the conspicuous display and even the destruction of wealth |
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Genes |
Individual units of hereditary info passed from parent to offspring |
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What is a significant percentage of social behavior made up of? How are they chosen? |
Influenced by genes through natural selection |
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What is the most complex trait humans have? |
Culture |
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Theories |
Backbone for scientific research
Products of diligent research and decades of it |
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Stability |
The ability of an ecosystem to return to equilibrium after disturbance |
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Cultural Adaptation |
All the learned or socially acquired responses and behaviors that affect reproduction, provisionary, shelter (AKA survival) |
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The ability to view the beliefs and customs of other people within the context of their cultural background |
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Adopting Cultural Relativism |
Aids understanding
See things the way they are |
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Intensive Agriculture |
Involves the use of draft animals or tractors, plows, and some other form of irrigation |
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Hunters and Gatherers |
1. Quick to incorporate new technologies in systems 2. Lived in more hospitable areas
ex. Batak group |
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Resilience |
The ability of an ecosystem to undergo change while still maintaining its basic elements or relationship |
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Philisophical holism |
The view that no complex entity is simply the sum of its parts |
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Example of Industrial Agriculture |
Hutterites |
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Example of intensive agriculture |
Khalapur |
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By the mid- ninetieth century what became respectable? |
Evolutionary changes |
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What is the evidence that societies are products of evolution |
Darwins theories of natural selection and evolution
Along with differences in fossils and living life |
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Pastoralism |
An economy largely or wholely based on the use of domesticated animals, even though actual consumption may reply on food through trade |
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How should you approach other cultures |
With open minds and to have an appreciation for diversity |
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Social control |
A framework of rewards and sanctions that channel behavior
Set of rules for people to obey |
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Horticulture/Subsistence agriculture |
Form of agriculture based on the working of small plots of land without draft animals or plows, etc |
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Reciprocity |
Mutual giving and taking between people who often bound by social ties and obligations |
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Balanced reciprocity |
Gift giving that clearly carries the obligation of an eventual and roughly equal return |
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What did Gregor Mendel find? |
Individual units of hereditary info were passed from parent to offspring as discrete particles |
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Adaption |
Organisms/populations make biological or behavioral changes that help their survival and reproduction success in their environment |
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Ecosystem |
The cycle of matter and energy that includes all living things and links them to the non-living |
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What did Milford Wilpoff argue? |
Homosapiens replaced homo erectus gradually over a 100,000-500,000 year period
Called Multiregional origins |
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Foraging Groups |
Relatively small because of the lack of resources |
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Examples of foraging Cultures |
San Hadza Netsilik Batak |
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How is behavior mediated? |
Biological processes and limitations |
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Biological processes are responsible for what? |
Shaping social behavior |
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Gender |
A cultural construct consisting of the set of distinguishable characteristics associated with each sex |
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Carry capacity |
The point at or below which a population tends to stabalize |
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Natural Selection |
Members of a species who have more surviving offspring than others pass their traits on to the next generation |
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Culture |
A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behavior, and artifacts, that the members of a society use to cope with their world and one another |
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Bands |
A loosely integrated population sharing a sense of common identity but few specialized institutions |
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Survival depends on the ability to... |
to solve problems in the immediate environment and adapt |
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Humans are... |
Extremely successful and survive under a variety of changes |
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Scientific Theory |
A statement that postulates ordered relationships among natural phenomena |
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Ecological Research |
Synchronic and concerned with the present |
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Socialization |
Person acquires: 1. Technical skills of their society 2. Knowledge of the acceptable behaviors to the society 3. Attitudes and values that make conformity with social rules |
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Evolution |
Small but comulative changes in a species can, over time, lead to its transformation
Physical and cultural evolution |
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Bride Service |
Service rendered by a man as payment to a family from whom he takes a daughter in marriage |
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Foraging |
Naturally obtaining food from wild plants, fishing, hunting |
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How can gathering be a source of income? |
By trade |
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What is carrying capacity affected by? |
1. Food availability 2. The distribution of essential items in order to survive 3. Human ability to recognize resources |
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Enculturation |
Becoming proficient in the cultural codes of one's society |
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Negative Reciprocity |
An exchange between enemies or strangers in which each side tries to get the better end of the bargain |
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Habitat |
The specific area where a species lives |
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Human ecology |
The study of humans in their environment, and how they affect the environment and how the environment affects them |
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What do symbols do? |
Guides the ways that we interact with organic and inorganic elements of our environments by making them intelligible in ways specific to our culture |
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Evolutionary Ecological Research |
Studying organisms within the context of their own environment, showing how evolution and characteristics succeed in an environment |
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Environments are... |
Complex and always fluctuating |
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Homo Sapiens |
The human species |
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Participant Observation |
Actual participation in a culture by an investigator who seeks to gain social acceptable in the society as a means to acquire understanding of their observation |
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Example of Pastoralism |
Nuer |
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Done Area |
Inhospitable environment for humans
1. few places for water 2. Hot to freezing temps 3. 6 months no rain, then 6 months heavy rain |