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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where are the 4 paranasal sinuses located?
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Frontal bone, Spenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and Maxillary bone
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The nasopharynx is lined with what type of tissue?
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Ciliated pseucostratified epithelium
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Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located and what is the common name for it?
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located high on the posterior wall of the nasophayrnx adenoids
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The oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity and opens into it at the archway called the?
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Fauces (the throat)
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Where do the palatine tonsils lie?
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in the lateral walls of the fauces
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Where is the Lingual tonsil?
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covers the base of the tonque
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The larynogopharynx is lined with what type of tissue?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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What are the 3 functions of the Larynx?
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provide open airway, to route air and food to different pathways, and to produce the voice
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All Laryngeal cartilages are Hyaline cartilages except for the?
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Epiglottis
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What is the Laryngeal Prominence
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the adam apples
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What anchors the vocal cords?
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Arytenoid
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The ninth cartilage of the larynx is the
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Epiglottis
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The Epiglottis is made of?
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Elastic tissue
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What moves the vocal cords?
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Arytenoid cartilages
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What makes up the false vocal cords?
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Vestibular Fold
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Below the vocal folds the lining is made of what tissue?
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Pseucostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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The vocal folds can act as a
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Spincter
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The site where the conducting zone changes to the respiratory zone is the?
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Bronchial Tree
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What is part of the lowest tracheal cartilage that expands, marking the point where the two primary bronchi branch out?
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Carina
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What are the thin walled air sacs which protrude from the smallest respiratory bronchioles?
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Alveoli
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What is the alveolar sac?
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Cluster of alveoli
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What are the two types of cells in the alveoli?
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Type I and Type II
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Type I alveoli cells are made of what tissue?
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Squamous epithelial cells lined up in a single layer
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Type II alveoli cells are made of what tissue?
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Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
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What is the fused basal lamina and the capillary and alveoilar epithelium with gas on one side and blood on the other?
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Respiratory Membrane
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Type I Alveolar cells secrete Angiotensin Converting Enzyme which can do what?
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Raise the blood pressure
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What organs are contained in the Mediastinum
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Heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, espohagus, and trachea
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What the surfaces of the lungs that come in close contact with the ribs?
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Costal SurfacesHilus
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What is the indentation near the mediastinum where the main blood vessels enter and leave the lung and where the primary bronchus begins to branch out?
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Hilus
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What is the small concavity on the left lung that molds to accommodate the heart?
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Cardiac Notch
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The two lobes of the left lung are divided by an?
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Oblique Fissure
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The three lobes of the right lung are divided by the
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Oblique Fissue and the horizontal fissure
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What are the two circulations of the lungs?
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Pulmonary circulation and the bronchial circulation
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This lung circulation is responsible for gas exchange
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pulmonary circulation
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This lung circulation is responsible for providing blood to the lung tissue itself
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Bronchial circulation
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What color is the right pulmmanary vein?
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Red, they carry oxygen rich blood to the heart from the lungs
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This pleura covers the thoracic wall and the superior surface of the diaphragm, lateral walls of the mediastinum
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Parietal Pleura
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This pleura covers the external lung surface, dipping into the fissures
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Visceral pleura
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Wah fills the pleural cavity?
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Pleural fluid
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Inflammation of the pleura is called?
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Pleurisy
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An excessive collection of fluid in the pleural sapce is called a?
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Pleural effusion
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The two phases of breathing are ?
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Inspiration and Expiration
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The pressure in the alveoli (P-pul)
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Intrapulmonary Pressure
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The pressure in the pleural cavity (P-ip)
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Intrapleural Pressure
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What is the amount of P-ip?
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-4mm Hg less than P-Pul if not the lungs would collapse
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Partial or complete collapse of lung tissue is called?
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Atelectasis
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Air in the intrapleural space is a
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Pneumothorax
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When the scalenes,m sternocleidomastoid and the pectoralis minor raise the ribs more and increase the tial volume is calle
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Deep Inspiration
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What is the normal Tidal Volume?
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500 mL
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The involves contraction of the abdominal wall muscles and the Internal intercostals
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Forced Expiration
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What is friction or drag in the respiratory passageways?
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Airway Resistance
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The distensibility or "stretch-ability" of lungs is called?
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Compliance
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The more a lung expands for a given pressure, the?
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Greater its compliance
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The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in quiet breathing is called?
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Tidal Volume ave is 500 mL
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The amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume is ?
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Inspiratory reserve volume ave 3100 mL in males
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The amount of air that can be evacuated or FORCED OUT after a tidal expiration is ?
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Expiratory Reserve volume ave is 1200 mL for males
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The amount of air left in the lungs after the most strenouse expiration?
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Residual Volume ave is 1200 mL in males
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The total amount of exchangeable air (sum of the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + the expiatory reserve volume is called the?
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Vital Capacity ave is 4800 mL in males
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The toal amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume) is called?
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Inspiratory Capacity ave is 3600 mL for males
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The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration, it equals the residual volume + the expiratory reserve volume?
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Functional Residual Capacity Ave is 2400 mL in males
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The sume of all lung volumes
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6000 mL in males
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The air that fills the conducting respiratory passagesways and does not contribute to gas exchange is called the ?
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Anatomical Dead space usually 150 mL
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Alveoli that do not function are called?
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Alveolar Dead Space
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Alveolar dead space + Anatomical dead space = ?
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Total Dead Space
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What instrument is used for measure breathing
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Spirometer
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The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas
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Dalton's law of partial pressures
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When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gase will dissolve in the liquid in proportion ot its partial pressure
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Henry's Law
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What is the most potent chemical controlling respiration?
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CO2
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Three functions of Nervous system are
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Sensory input, Integration , and motor output
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Two main parts of the Nervous System are
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Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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This consist of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity
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The Central Nervous System
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This is the part of the nervous system outside the central Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous system
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These carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
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Spinal nerves
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These carry impulses to and from the brain
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Cranial nerves
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The PNS has two subdivisions
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The Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor)
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Sensory (afferent) divsion is composed of
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Somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers, carry impulses towards the CNS
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Somatic afferent fibers carry impules from where to the CNS?
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from skin muscles and joints to CNS
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Visceral afferent fibers carry impules from where to the CNS?
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Visceral organs
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Efferent (motor) divsion is composed of
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Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System, transmits from the CNS to the effector organs
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Somatic Nervous system carry impules from the CNS to where?
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Axon from CNS to skeletal muscle, this is voluntary control
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Autonomic Nervous system carry impules from the CNS to where?
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axons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands Involantary control
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Sympathetic Autnomic Nervous system is responsable for
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(flight or fight response)
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ParaSympathetic Autnomic Nervous system is responsable for
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Disgestion
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Two main types of cells in the CNS
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Supporting cells (Neuroglia) and Neurons
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Small cells that surround and wrap the neurons are called
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Neuroglia
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Excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals
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Neurons
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Neuroglia are also known as
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Glial
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Where are the six types of glial cells located
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4 in the CNS and 2 in the PNS
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the astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes are all located in the
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CNBS
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Neuroglia (aka glial cells) provide a supportive scaffolding for?
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Neurons
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Glial cells outnumber neurons _____ in the CNS
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10:1
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Glial cells make up ___ of the mass of the brain
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1/2
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These are the most abundant and most versatile glial cell
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Astrocytes
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These glial cells are involved in the chemical blood brain barrier
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Astrocytes
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These glial cells are Shaped like delicate branching sea anemones (star shaped)
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Astrocytes
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These glial cells migrate toward damaged neurons, and transform inton macrophages that then phagocytize the neurons or bacteria or viruses
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Microglia
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These glial cells are the only form of the immune system present in the CNS
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Microglia
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These glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, forming a semi permeable barrier between the CSF and the tissues
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Ependymal Cells
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These glial cells have branches like astrocytes but with fewer processes
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Oligodendrocytes
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These glial cells line up along the thicker neuron fibers in the CNS producing Myelin Sheaths
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Oligodendrocytes
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What part of the oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths?
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Processe
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What are the two types neuroglia in the PNS?
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Satellite cells and Schwann cells
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These PNS neuroglia surround the neuron cell bodies
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Satellite cells
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These PNS neuroglia surround the larger nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around them
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Schwann cells
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A neuron is a ?
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nerve cell
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Special characteristics of Nerve cells
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conduct nerve impulses, have extrene longevity (100 yrs), they are usually amitotic (can't divide) , and have a very high metabolic rate so require a lot of O2 and Glucose
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Exceptions to the amitotic rule are olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions which contain?
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Stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life
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The neuron cell body is a ?
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Transparent round nucleus with a large nucleolus
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The cell body is called the ____ and is a major biosynthetic center of the neruron?
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Soma or perikaryon
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Neuron Cell bodies do not contain centrioles why?
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they do not divide
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What are the three mucosal covered projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
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Nasal Conchae
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What are cluster of cell bodies in the PNS called?
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Ganglia
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Bundles of processes in the CNS are called?
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Tracts
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Bundles of processes in the PNS are called?
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Nerves
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What lies between motor and sensory neurons, most of the cells in the CNS, make up 99% of the neurons in the body, most are multipolar and function to intergrate neural signals
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Interneurons (Association Neurons)
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Outside the cell what balandes the NA+?
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Cl-
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Inside the cell the negatively charged proteins balnace the ?
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K+
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This plays the most important role in generation of the membrane potential?
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K+
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What first ejects 3 Na+ from the cell and tehn transports 2 K+ back into the cell?
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ATP-driven sodium/potassium pump
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Phase 1 of the AP when the voltage gated channels are closed is called? (small amounts of K+ leak out)
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the resting state
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Phase 2 of the AP is?
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Depolarizing Phase
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Phase 3 of the AP is?
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the repolarizing phase
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If an axon is stimulated in the middle (at the nodes of Ranvier) the nerve impulse will move?
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Away in all directions
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The rate of impulse speed depends on Two factors?
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Axon Diameter and degree of myelination
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