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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) |
•Continuous tube open at both ends • Function = digest and absorb nutrients • Includes: Mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine |
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Accessory organs |
•Function = production of secretions that aid digestion, mastifucation of food • Includes: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
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Basic 4 layers of tissue |
1) Mucosa = Simple Columnar ET 2)Submucosa = Consists of areolar connective tissue 3)Muscularis = Smooth muscle •Inner circular •Outer longitudinal 4) Serosa = Connective tissue (outermost layer) |
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4 types of teeth |
Incisors: Cut Canines: Shred/Tear Pre Molars: Grind Molars: Grind |
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Mastication |
Mechanical breakdown of food by teeth |
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Deglutition |
Swallowing |
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Peristalsis |
Radially symmetrical contraction/relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a tube, in a forward direction beginning in the esophagus |
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Parotid gland location |
Anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle |
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Function of paotid/sublingual/submandibular glands |
•Produce secretions to dissolve food chemicals for taste •Moistens food; compacts into bolus •Begins breakdown of starch with enzyme salivary amylase |
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Salivary Amylase |
Starts carb digestion •lingual lipase = starts fat breakdown |
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Esophagus |
•propels food to stomach where peristalsis begins •Stratified Squamous epithelium •Muscularis changes to smooth muscle •Outer layer termed adventitia attaches esophagus to surrounding structured (trachea) |
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Stomach Mucosa: Mucus glands do what? |
Secrete mucus for auto-protection from acidic gastric juices |
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Stomach Mucosa: Parietal cells |
Secrete HCL to activate pepsinogen and kill bacteria ; and intrinsic factor |
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Stomach Mucosa: Chief cells |
Secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion |
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Stomach Mucosa: Enteriendocrine Cells (G Cells) |
Secrete Gastrin (hormone) that stimulates gastric juice secretion |
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Muscularis of stomach |
Expands to 3 layers to churn foos and for peristalsis: Inner oblique Circular Outer longitudinal |
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Chemical digestion of protein is done by... |
Protein by pepsin |
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Gastrin(hormone) |
Stimulates HCL release and thus the conversion of pepsinogen to Pepsin, and gastric churning |
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Only stomach function essential to life is... |
Secretion of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption •B12 needed for rbc maturity •Lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia |
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Chime is |
A semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach |
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3 regions of the small intestine |
Duodenum = contains hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi) which regulates entry of bile and pancreatic secretions Jejunum = contains cells that produce brush border enzymes; major absorption of nutrients Ileum = contains ileocecal valve at large intestine to stop bacteria entering small intestine |
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Circular folds (plicae circularis) |
Mucosa and submucosa folds that's slow down chyme movement to maximize absorption |
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Villi |
Fingerlike mucosal projections that increase surface area Contains lacteals(lipids) and capillaries for absorption |
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Microvilli (brush border) secrete... |
Secrete carb and protein enzymes to complete digestion |
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Takes time to modify acidity = |
Bicarbonate from pancreas neutralizes acid |
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Disaccharides |
Maltase, sucrase, lactase
Complete carb digestion to monosaccharides |
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Dipeptides: dipeptidase does what? |
Dipeptidase = completes protein digestion to amino acids |
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Liver receives blood from |
Hepatic artery = O2 Hepatic portal vein = nutrients hormones, ect. From stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas |
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Liver: at lobule corners you find |
Portal triad = composed of Hepatic artery, Hepatic portal vein, bile duct |
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Sinusoids |
Capillary like vessels that empty into central vein |
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Central veins |
United to form Hepatic vein which empties into inferior vena cava |
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Liver function |
•Process nutrients from small intestine •synthesize plasma proteins •detoxify alcohol and drugs in blood from stomach and SI •store glucose as glycogen Produce bile = alkaline solution containing bile salts and pigments; transports cholesterol out of body and conjugated bilirubin (RBC end products) Bile = digestive aid - not enzyme = emulsify fat |
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Gall bladder location and function |
Location = inferior surface of right liver lobe Function = store and release bile |
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Hepatic duct |
Carries bile to gall bladder |
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Cystic duct |
Carries bile from gall bladder |
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Common bile duct does what? |
Carries bile to duodenum |
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Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct to form __ which empties into duodenum through ___ |
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater) Hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi) |
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Pancreas: Acini cells |
Produce pancreatic juices |
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Pancreatic amylase |
Breaks down starch to disaccharides |
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Pancreas: Trypsin, Chymotrypsin |
Polypeptide to a dipeptide |
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Pancrease: Carboxypeptidase |
Cleaves the carboxyl group off the end of the AA chain |
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Pancrease: Lipase |
Breaks down triglyceride to glycerol and fatty acids |
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pancrease: DNAse, RNAse become |
DNA and RNA to nucleotides |
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Pancrease: bicarbonate |
Neutralize gastric juice in small intestine |
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Islets (of lamgerhans) cells |
Produce insulin and glucagon |
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LI : Haustra |
Sacs formed from smooth muscle bands |
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LI subdivisions |
•Cecum = lies below ileocecal valve, contains appendix ●Colon •Ascending colon •Transverse colon •Descending colon •Sigmoid colon •Rectum = anal sphincter at end to regulate defecation |
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Large intestine general functions |
Very little food breakdown Contains E.coli •Produce vitamin B and K Reabsorbs H2O electrolytes, fat soluble vitamins Major Job = store and form feces |
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Gastrin |
•Stimulus is food in the stomach •Stimulates HCL release in the stomach |
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Secretin |
•Stimulus is acidic chyme in the duodenum •Stimulates release of bicarbonate when acidic (HCL) chyme enters intestine and bile •Inhibits gastrin |
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CCK (Cholecystokinin) |
•Stimulus is fatty chime in duodenum •Targets hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter to relax •Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile to be secreted into S.I. |
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Chemical digestion occurs by.... |
Hydrolysis |
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Must digest all foods into simplest unit for absorption: |
•Carbs = monosaccharides •Proteins = amino acids •Lipids = triglycerides (fatty acids and glycerol) •Nucleic acids = nucleotides |
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Salivary amylase is _____ in stomach by HCL |
Denatured |
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Lipid digestion occurs predominantly in |
Small intestine |
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Bile salts from liver emulsify fat = |
Increase surface area of lipids exposing bonds |
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DNAse and RNAse from pancrease digests DNA and RNA into... |
Nucleotides |
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Most absorption occurs before... |
Ileum |
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The ileum absorbs bile salts and... |
Recycles them to liver |
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Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids absorbed into... |
Capillaries |
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Fatty acids,glycerol, triglycerides absorbed by _____ enter lymph system, renters blood by heart |
Lacteals |