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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the blood
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- Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste
- Regulation of the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid - Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites - Defense against toxins and pathogens - Stabilization of body temperature |
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Components of blood
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- Plasma
- Formed elements |
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What is whole blood?
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- Removed blood when composition remains unaltered
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What is hematocrit?
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- a.k.a PCV
- Percentage of whole blood contributed by formed elements - 99% red blood cells |
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Components of Plasma
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- water (92%)
- Plasma proteins (7%) - Plasma proteins include: - Albumins (major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma - Globulins (include antibodies and transport globulins, transport globulins allow hormones to "last longer") - Fibrinogen (clotting, forms fibrin strands) - Active and inactive enzymes and hormones - other solutes (electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic waste) |
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Formed elements
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- Red blood cells (RBC) 99.9%
- Platelets - White blood cells (WBC) |
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Red blood cell characteristics
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- a.k.a erythrocytes
- Essential to O2 transport - Biconcave disc: increases surface area causing greater O2 exchange rate - Large in size and flexible: allows for movement in capillaries - Can form stacks: rouleaux - Lose most organelles during development - Contain hemoglobin molecules |
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Platelets
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- Important to the process of clotting
- First to arrive and stop bleeding (initial plug) - flattened discs that appear round when viewed from above, and spindle shaped in section or in a blood smear - functions: clump together and stick to damaged vessel walls, release chemicals that stimulate blood clotting - megakaryocytes --> platelets |
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White blood cells
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- Participate in the body's defense mechanism
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Development of erythrocytes
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- Hemoglobin: each molecule has 4 chains (globular protein subunits) 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
- Each chain contains a single heme pigment molecule (each heme, with iron, can reversibly bind one molecule of oxygen) - Each hemoglobin = 4 chains = 4 heme = 4 O2 |
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Stem cells associate with formed elements
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- Hemocytoblasts --> lymphoid stem cells (production of lymphocytes)
- Hemocytoblasts --> myeloid stem cells (all types of formed elements except lymphocytes) |
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5 white blood cell types
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- Granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Agranular leukocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes) |
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Neutrophils
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- Highest concentration
- engulfs pathogens or debris, will attack anything foreign |
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Eosinophils
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- Engulf antibody labeled materials
- increase in abundance in allergies and parasitic infections |
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Basophils
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- release histamines and other chemicals that promote inflammation
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Monocytes
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- largest of the 5
- enter tissue and become macrophages, engulf pathogens and debris - waste removal |
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Lymphocytes
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- provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins
- will only attack specific targets - multiple different for different targets |
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3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response)
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- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase - Coagulation phase |
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3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response) - Vascular phase
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- Endothelial cells contract exposing underlying basal lamina to bloodstream
- Endothelial cells release chemical factors, local hormones, and endothelins - Endothelial cells become sticky which causes platelets to attach |
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3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response) - Platelet phase
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- Platelets attach to endothelial cells, basal lamina, exposed collagen fibers and each other
- Release chemicals - Required for more stable clotting: platelet factors (proteins), Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) (promotes vessel repair), calcium ions |
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3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response) - coagulation phase
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- Conversion of circulating fibrinogen to insoluable fibrin
- Two pathways that lead to common pathway (extrinsic and instrinsic) |
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How are clots dissolved?
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- Proenzyme plasminogen is activated
- Plasminogen becomes plasmin which erodes the clot (plasmin actually erodes the clot) |
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Blood typing
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- Type A: has A surface antigens, and anti-B antibodies
- Type B: has B surface antigens and anti-A antibodies - Type AB: has AB surface antigens and neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies (universal receiver) - Type O: has no A or B surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antigens (universal donor - Rh surface antigen: present= "+" and absence = "-" - If one blood type is exposed to corresponding antibodies clumping (agglutination) occurs |
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Newborn hemolytic disease
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- Rh negative mother is pregnant with first Rh positive fetus
- During delivery blood is exchanged and the mother develops Rh antibodies - Subsequent babies (Rh+) allow mothers Rh+ antibodies to cross the placenta and attack the fetus |
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