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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An electrolyte is a __________.
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substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
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Bicarbonate is an example of a(n) __________.
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base |
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What is the main component of all body fluids?
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water |
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Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to:
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water balance |
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Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?
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electrolyte
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Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.
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pH 10 |
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Which of the following statements about ECF is correct?
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It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid.
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Which of the following is an ion found primarily in the ECF?
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HCO3-
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Overhydration will cause __________.
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cells to gain water |
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Which of the following factors increases an individual's total body water?
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male |
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Which of the following accounts for the majority of our total body water?
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cytosol |
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The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.
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cytosol(intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma |
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Which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?
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cytosol
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What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?
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Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert.
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Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.
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Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
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In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?
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Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
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What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
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urinary system
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How much water does the average person lose per day?
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2.5 liters |
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What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
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hypothalamus |
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What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?
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osmolarity of the plasma
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Which hormone does NOT regulate fluid balance in the body?
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vitamin D3 (calcitriol)
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Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:
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dehydration.
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Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?
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edema |
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The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is dehydration.
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hypernatremia
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This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism.
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hypercalcemia
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This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration.
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hyponatremia
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This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts.
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hyperkalemia
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This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics.
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hypokalemia
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What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
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sodium ion |
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Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.
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angiotensin-II and aldosterone
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An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:
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hypernatremia.
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What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?
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dehydration
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What is most abundant intracellular cation?
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potassium ion
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What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?
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maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
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What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?
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Na+/K+ pump
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Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?
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osseous tissue
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What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
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Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism?
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hypercalcemia
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What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?
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phosphate ions
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Why are chlorine ions important?
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Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.
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Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.
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As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.
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The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:
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hydrogen ions.
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Through what two systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?
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respiratory and urinary systems
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Identify the role of the urinary system in acid-base balance.1. The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.2. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot excrete.3. The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.4. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.
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1, 2, 3, 4
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Select the blood pH that represents acidosis.
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7.24
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What leads to respiratory acidosis?
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hypoventilation
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Determine the compensation for respiratory acidosis.
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increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate
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Hyperventilation is the cause of an acid-base imbalance known as:
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respiratory alkalosis.
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What leads to metabolic alkalosis?
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prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents
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For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?
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fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II?
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vasodilation
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Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?
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magnesium ions
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