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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is matter & energy? Classification of matter & energy. |
Matter—anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) Energy—the ability to do work •Chemical •Electrical •Mechanical •Radiant |
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Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter. |
Elements—fundamental units of matter •96 percent of the body is made from four elements •Carbon (C) •Oxygen (O) •Hydrogen (H) •Nitrogen (N) |
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List the subatomic particles. |
Nucleus •Protons (p+) •Neutrons (n0) Orbiting the nucleus •Electrons (e–) •Number of protons equals numbers of electrons in an atom. |
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What are planetary and orbital models of an atom? |
Orbital model shows electron cloud. |
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Define atom, atomic number and atomic mass number. |
Atoms—building blocks of elements Atomic number—equal to the number of protons that the atom contains Atomic mass number—sum of the protons and neutrons |
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What are isotopes and radioisotopes? |
Isotopes •Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and the same atomic number •Vary in number of neutrons Radioisotope •Heavy isotope •Tends to be unstable •Decomposes to more stable isotope |
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Distinguish between a molecule and a compound. |
Molecule—two or more atoms of same OR different elements combined chemically Compound—two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements combined chemically |
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Know the role of electrons in bond formation. What is Valence shell? |
Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells •Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted •The number of electrons has an upper limit •Shells closest to the nucleus fill first •Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell) •Full valence shells do not form bonds |
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Differentiate between an ionic (distinguishing an anion from a cation) and a covalent bond. Know how both types of bonds are formed. |
Ionic bonds •Atoms become stable through the TRANSFER of electrons •Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another Ions •Result from the loss or gain of electrons •Anions are negative due to gain of electron(s) •Cations are positive due to loss of electron(s) Covalent bonds •Atoms become stable through shared electrons •Electrons are shared in pairs •Single covalent bonds share one pair of electrons •Double covalent bonds share two pairs of electrons |
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Explain how the hydrogen bond is formed (between which atoms of which molecules). What are polar and non polar compounds? |
Two Hydrogen atoms form a single covalent bond making hydrogen (H2) Covalent bonds are either non-polar or polar Non-polar •Electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule Polar Electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of the molecule •Have a positive and negative side or pole |
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Describe the three different types of reactions (synthesis, decomposition, & exchange reactions) |
Synthesis reaction (A + BAB) •Atoms or molecules combine •Energy is absorbed for bond formation Decomposition reaction (ABA + B) •Molecule is broken down •Chemical energy is released Exchange reaction (AB +CAC + B) •Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions •Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made. |
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What are organic vs inorganic compounds? Exceptions of CO & CO2 |
Organic compounds •Contain carbon •Most are covalently bonded •Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,nucleic acids Inorganic compounds •Lack carbon •Tend to be simpler compounds •Includes water, salts, and some acids and bases |
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Explain the importance of water within the body. |
Water •Most abundant inorganic compound in the body Vital properties •High heat capacity •Polarity/solvent properties •Chemical reactivity •Cushioning |
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Distinguish between salts, acids and bases. |
Salts •Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water •Vital to many body functions •Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents Acids •Release hydrogen ions (H+) •Are proton donors Bases •Release hydroxyl ions (OH–) •Are proton acceptors |
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Explain the concept of pH and buffers. |
Measures relative concentrationof hydrogen ions •pH 7 = neutral •pH below 7 = acidic •pH above 7 = basic Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change |
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Compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. |
Carbohydrates •Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen •Include sugars and starches •Classified according to size Monosaccharides—simple sugars Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis •Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars Lipids •Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen •Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen •Insoluble in water Proteins •Account for over half of the body’s organic matter •Provide construction materials for body tissues •Play a vital role in cell function •Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies •Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur •Built from amino acids Nucleic Acids •Built from nucleotides •A = Adenine •G = Guanine •C = Cytosine •T = Thymine •U = Uracil. |
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Understand the importance of water in catabolism. |
Catabolism breaks large molecules down into smaller ones. These reactions are called hydrolysis reactions. These reactions consume water. |
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Compare triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids in the body. |
Neutral fats (triglycerides) -Protect and insulate body organs. Phospholipids -Transport of lipids in plasma. [chief components of cell membranes] Steroids Aid fat digestion and absorption, normal bone growth/function, normal reproductive function, maintain blood glucose level, regulate salt and water balance. |
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Describe protein structure. Classes of proteins. |
Amino acid structure •Contain an amine group (NH2) •Contain an acid group (COOH) •Vary only by R groups Fibrous proteins •Also known as structural proteins •Appear in body structures •Examples include collagen and keratin •Stable Globular proteins •Also known as functional proteins •Function as antibodies orenzymes, hormones •Can be denatured-not stable like fibrous proteins |
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Describe the general mechanism of enzyme activity. |
Act as biological catalysts •Increase the rate of chemical reactions •Bind to substrates at an active site |
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Describe the structure and function of nucleic acids. |
Nucleic Acids •Built from nucleotides •Pentose (5 carbon) sugar •A phosphate group •A nitrogenous base •A = Adenine •G = Guanine •C = Cytosine •T = Thymine •U = Uracil. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) •The genetic material found within the cell’s nucleus •Provides instructions for every protein in the body •Organized by complimentary bases to form a double-stranded helix •Contains the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine •Replicates before cell division Ribonucleic acid (RNA) •Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis •Created from a template of DNA •Organized by complimentary bases to form a single-stranded helix •Contains the sugar ribose and the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine •Three varieties are messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA |
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Describe the structure and function of ATP/ADP. Know what ATP/ADP standfor. |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) •Composed of a nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups •Chemical energy used by all cells •Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond •ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
