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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 functions of the phonatory system
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Protect the airway
Produce speech Build up abdominal pressure for support |
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Structures of Laryngeal Framework 4
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hyoid bone
9 Cartilages Connections Cavities |
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Intrinsic Muscles
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Abductor
Adductors Tensor/Relaxers |
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Extrinsic Muscles
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Laryngeal elevators
Laryngeal depressors |
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Location of larynx
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Superior to trachea, inferior to nasal/oral cavities, anterior to cervical vertebrae and esophagus
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Hyoid bone - 3 landmarks:
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corpus, greater horn, lesser horn
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9 Laryngeal Cartilages
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Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid (2), corniculate (2), cuneiform (2), epiglottis
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Thyroid cartilage - 3 landmarks
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thyroid notch (laryngeal prominence)
superior horn inferior horn |
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Cricoid cartilage - 2 landmarks
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facet for thyroid cartilage
facet for arytenoid cartilage |
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Arytenoid processes
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muscular (posterior)
vocal process (anterior) |
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2 Laryngeal Joints
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cricothyroid joint
cricoarytenoid joint |
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cricothyroid joint
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allows thyroid cartilage to rock anteriorly and inferiorly
Lengthens the true vocal folds |
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cricoarytenoid joint
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allows for movement of the arytenoids
Rocking Gliding Rotating Abduction -apart Adduction - together |
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Membranes that form laryngeal tube
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quadrangular membrane
conus elasticus lined with epithelial tissue |
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Supraglottic spaces
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aditus - entryway into larynx
laryngeal vestibule - space between aditus and false vocal folds laryngeal ventricle - space between true and false vocal folds |
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Glottis
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space between true vocal folds
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Subglottic space
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laryngeal space below TVF (containes conus elasticus)
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FVF
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(ventricular/vestibular folds)
superior to true folds Can be used for screaming or for forced holding breath |
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TVF
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inferior to false
anterior attachment to the thyroid cartilage posterior attachment to the vocal processes of arytenoid cartilages |
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Composition of TVF
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Top layer = epithelial tissue – function = used for phonation (mucosal wave)
Deeper layers = muscle and ligaments – function = used for structure/support and movement of vocal folds. |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
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Have both origin and insertion on a laryngeal structure
Make fine adjustments to larynx Especially important for voice production 3 Adductors 1 Abductor |
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transverse interarytenoid: best view
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posterior larynx
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transverse interarytenoid: origin
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lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
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transverse interarytenoid: insertion
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lateral surface of opposite arytenoid
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oblique interarytenoid
oblique interarytenoid oblique interarytenoid: best view |
posterior larynx
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oblique interarytenoid: origin
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muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
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oblique interarytenoid: insertion
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apex of opposite arytenoid cartilage
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lateral cricoarytenoid: best view
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superior larynx
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lateral cricoarytenoid: origin
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superior/
lateral surface of cricoid cartilage |
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lateral cricoarytenoid: insertion
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muscular process of arytenoid
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Intrinsic muscles: action and innervation
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closes (adductors) and opens (abductors) glottis
CN X (Vagus), recurrent laryngeal branch |
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Intrinsic adductors:
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transverse interarytenoid
oblique interarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid |
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Intrinsic abductor
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posterior cricoarytenoid
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posterior cricoarytenoid: best view
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posterior larynx
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posterior cricoarytenoid: origin
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posterior of cricoid cartilage
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posterior cricoarytenoid: insertion
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muscular process of arytenoid
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2 vocal tensors:
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cricothyroid and Vocalis (medial thyroarytenoid)
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cricothyroid: best view
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lateral larynx
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cricothyroid: origin
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anterior surface of cricoid cartilage
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cricothyroid: insertion
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vertical part – lower surface of thyroid cartilage
oblique part – lateral surface of thyroid cartilage, by inferior horns |
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cricothyroid: action
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tense & lengthen TVF
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cricothyroid: innervation
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* CN X (Vagus), superior laryngeal branch
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Vocalis (medial thyroarytenoid): best view
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superior larynx
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Vocalis (medial thyroarytenoid): origin
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thyroid cartilage (inside, near notch)
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Vocalis (medial thyroarytenoid): insertion
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vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
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Vocalis (medial thyroarytenoid): action
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tenses TVF
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Vocalis (medial thyroarytenoid): innervation
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CN X (Vagus), recurrent laryngeal nerve
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Vocal fold relaxer
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lateral thyroarytenoid
(thyromuscularis) |
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lateral thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis): best view
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superior larynx
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lateral thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis): origin
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thyroid cartilage (inside, near notch)
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lateral thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis): insertion
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muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
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lateral thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis): innervation
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CN X (Vagus), recurrent laryngeal nerve
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lateral thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis): action
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relaxes TVF
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Extrinsic muscles
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Have one attachment on a laryngeal structure and the other attachment on a distant structure
Make gross/large movements on larynx (i.e., raise or lower) Especially important for swallowing (to move larynx out of harm’s way) 4 laryngeal elevators 3 laryngeal depressors |
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mylohyoid: best view
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anterior neck
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mylohyoid: origin
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inner surface of mandible
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digastric, anterior belly: best view
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anterior neck
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digastric, anterior belly: origin
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symphysis of mandible
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digastric, anterior belly: action
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move hyoid up & forward
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mylohyoid: action
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move hyoid up & forward
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digastric, posterior belly: best view
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lateral neck
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digastric, posterior belly: origin
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mastoid process of temporal bone
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digastric, posterior belly: action
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move hyoid up & back
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stylohyoid: best view
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lateral neck
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stylohyoid: origin
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styloid process of temporal bone
(behind ear) |
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stylohyoid: action
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move hyoid up & back
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geniohyoid: best view
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superior mandible
(*deep to mylohyoid) |
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geniohyoid: origin
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symphysis of mandible
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geniohyoid: action
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move hyoid up & forward
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Laryngeal elevators (suprahyoid)
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mylohyoid, digastic (anterior and posterior), stylohyoid, geniohyoid
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Laryngeal depressors (infrahyoid)
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sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid (superior and inferior)
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Sternohyoid: best view
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anterior neck
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Sternohyoid: origin
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sternum
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Sternohyoid: insertion
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hyoid bone
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Laryngeal elevators: insertion
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hyoid bone
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sternothyroid: best view
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anterior neck
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Sternothyroid: origin
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sternum
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sternothyroid: insertion
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thyroid cartilage
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omohyoid
(superior & inferior bellies) : best view |
anterior neck
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omohyoid
(superior & inferior bellies): origin |
scapula
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omohyoid
(superior & inferior bellies): insertion |
hyoid bone
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Laryngeal depressors: action
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move larynx down
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Phonation:
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“voicing”; occurs when TVF are adducted and vibrate in the upper airway.
Voiced sounds require phonation; voiceless sounds are produced without phonation. Adduction or abduction of the TVF occurs in less than 9 ms (9/1000 sec)! |
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Whispering:
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TVF are slightly adducted to create turbulence in airstream, but not so much as to achieve phonation
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5 layers of TVF
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3 Layers of Cover: Epithelium, superficial and intermediate layers of the lamina propria
2 Layers of Body: deep layer of lamina propria, thyroarytenoid (vocalis) muscle |
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Textures of layers
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Superficial: gelatin
Intermediate: soft rubber band Deep: cotton threads Vocalis: stiff rubber bands |
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Vocal ligament
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lamina propria
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Subglottal air pressure necessary for phonation:
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3-5 cm H2O, use more in conversation
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Bernoulli Principle
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Given a constant flow of air, at a point of constriction, there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in the speed of flow. When pressure drops, this creates negative pressure (vacuum)
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Phases of phonation
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1. Vocal attack (begin adduction with exhalation) – 3 sub-types
breathy vocal attack (exhalation before adduction; “hyaline”) simultaneous vocal attack (“vestible”) glottal attack (adduction before exhalation; “omohyoid”) 2. Sustained phonation (maintain adduction with exhalation) Can alter pitch and loudness while sustaining phonation 3. Termination of phonation (abduction of TVF to stop vibration) Required for voiceless sounds & breathing 1 muscle of TVF abduction = |
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3 Modes of Phonation
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Glottal Fry, Modal Phonation, Falsetto
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"Norms” for Fundamental Frequencies:
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Adult Female: ~212 Hz (165-255 Hz)
Adult Male: ~132 Hz (85-155 Hz) Child: ~300 Hz |
