Aphg Vocab 2

The number of farmers per unit area of arable farmland.

Encourage couples to limit the number of children they have.Most often, these policies discourage growth through the provision of contraception or abortion or through establishment of specific disincentives, such as steep penalties for couples bearing more children than allowed by the state.China is famous for its one-child population policy from the 1980s in which many drastic measures (e.g., forced sterilization for couples with one child) ensured decreasing population growth.

Number of people in a given unit of area.Does not take into account physiographic differences in that area.

Refugees who have left their home for a variety of reasons (cultural, economic, political, or environmental) and seek new legal status in an adopted country.

Consist of individuals born post-World War II (between 1946 and 1964).Baby Boomers are the largest population cohort in United States demographic history.As this large generation of individuals enters retirement, the burden is increasingly falling on the economically productive members of the country.

Essentially the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resource base.Depends on level of technology and determining an appropriate standard of living.Advanced technologies can typically sustain many more people than more primitive technologies.On a global scale, if people in developing regions begin to consume at a rate comparable to the developed world's consumption rates, the globe has certainly exceeded carrying capacity. If, however, the people of the earth live more modestly, the number of people the earth can sustain will increase.

Describes migrant flows from a common origin to the same destination. Family or friends move first and get established within an area, paving the way for more friends and family to follow the same path.As number of migrants from a similar area congregate in one place, services specific to that population (both cultural and social) begin to accrue in that area.

Number of live births in a single year for every 1,000 people in a population.Birth rates tend to be highest in least-developed regions where both number of women at or near reproducing age and fertility rates are high.Places with high birth rates tend to be countries where women's access to education is low.Places with high birth rates tend to have a high portion of their population engaged in agriculture; more children equal more laborers.

Number of deaths in a country per 1,000 people.It is "crude" because it does not take into account the age structure of a population. For example, several countries in Western Europe have relatively high death rates because of a high proportion of individuals in older-age cohorts.

A measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population.Younger cohorts are typically children under the age of 15 (ineligible to work); older cohorts are over the age of 65 (retired members of a population).In some countries the dependency ratio includes only males in the economically productive cohort if the local culture prohibits women's participation in the workforce.

Doubling is the amount of time it will take a particular population to double in size.Countries with growth rates of 1 percent take approximately 70 years to double their population, whereas countries with 2 percent growth rates take only 35 years to double.When this growth rate is graphed, a J-curve represents the exponential growth.In the last couple of decades, growth rates have declined. Population follows more of an S-curve, meaning greater stability.

The proportion of the earth's surface that is inhabited by humans.

An epidemic describes a regional outbreak of a disease.A pandemic is when a disease outbreak is worldwide in scope (e.g., COVID-19).

In forced migration, an individual migrates against his or her will.Somewhere between voluntary and forced migration is reluctant migration where an individual reluctantly chooses to move because factors at the current location prohibit him or her from remaining there.A common example of an internal forced migration event in the United States is the Trail of Tears in the 1830s during which Native Americans from numerous eastern tribes had to migrate west (to what is now Oklahoma).A common example of an international forced migration event is the migration of millions of Africans to North and South America during the slave trade beginning in the 1500s.

Sixty percent of the world's population lives within 60 miles (98 kilometers) of the ocean.Population concentrates in areas with high soil arability/fertility, which also tend to have mild climates.Population is becoming more urban.Currently a little over half of the global population is urban with much higher rates in highly developed regions.

Post-September 11th security issues have led many countries of the world, particularly Western Europe and North America, to tighten borders to individuals seeking asylum.In many African countries, borders are open to refugees such that countries in which refugees are fleeing from also host significant refugee populations.For example, several million refugees have fled Sudan as a result of civil war, but Sudan also hosts numerous refugees from neighboring countries.

Individuals who migrate temporarily to take advantage of job opportunities in other countries.Send a significant portion of their pay, called remittances, back home to support friends and family.In some countries, remittances are a significant source of income for the national economy.

Can be characterized as involuntary but unforced migrants.Individuals choose to risk their lives in the migration decision; the decision is typically motivated by dire economic situations within their own country.These individuals are also called undocumented workers.

Number of deaths during the first year live births. of life per thousandTends to be much higher in developing regions as it is strongly related to a country's access to health care services.Overall, rates have decreased significantly over the last fifty years.

People who have had to leave their homes because of conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety.A good example in the United States is the individuals whose homes were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005.

Intervening opportunities a closer, alternative supply source between a demand point and the original supply source.Follows the first law of geography: people, including businesses, are much more likely to interact with closer supply sources than farther ones; it is more convenient and almost always cheaper.Intervening obstacles can prevent migrants from getting their planned destination. They can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political in nature.

Average number of years a person can be expected to live.Number varies globally with highly developed countries experiencing much higher life expectancies than developing countries.Varies within countries, within cities, among ethnicities, and even between sexes.

Defined as movement to a new activity space (e.g., schools, grocery stores, and other places where everyday activities take place as a result of the move) or movement from one administrative region to another.International/transnational migration involves movement over country borders.Emigration is movement out of a particular place, whereas immigration describes movement to a specific location.Migratory movement within a country is called internal migration.

The difference between CBR and CDR indicates natural growth or decline within a population.When births outnumber deaths, natural increase is occurring; when deaths outnumber births, a country experiences natural decrease.High rates of natural increase are most prevalent in developing countries. In highly developed countries, such as countries in Western Europe, natural decrease is becoming more common.

Neo-Malthusians, following in Malthus's footsteps, believe population growth to be a problem and provide the foundation for many antinatalist population policies.Many Neo-Malthusians advocate zero population growth (ZPG) in which the number of births and immigrants are equally counteracted by the number of deaths and emigrants.Even though ZPG may limit environmental repercussions of an expanding population, it does have social and economic consequences in the long term as a young population base does not exist to support both the local economy and an ever-increasing elderly population.

Overpopulation is essentially a value judgment reflecting an opinion that an area does not have adequate resources to support the existing population: If an area is overpopulated, it has exceeded its carrying capacity.Underpopulation describes scenarios in which areas or regions do not have enough people to fully exploit the local resource base.

Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.Crude density is a "crude" number because it does not provide a full picture of the relationship between people and land.Issues of density provide a good example of how demography and development can overlap; for example, physiographic density represents the ratio between number of people and amount of arable land in a given unit of area.

Also called age-sex pyramid.In general, pyramids come in four different shapes:● Rapid growth, distinguished by a wide base (most common in developing countries).

● Stability, characterized by a rectangular shape indicating stable growth (common in developed countries).● Decline, in which the base is smaller than previous cohorts.● Disrupted growth, which shows significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events.

Typically exist in countries where population is declining and involve providing incentives for women to have children.In Europe, where negative population growth is common, countries have instituted programs that encourage births through subsidized child care costs, offering generous maternity leave packages and other services to reproducing women.Some countries outside of Europe, for example, Singapore, are instituting pronatalist population policies in response to dramatic results of antinatalist policies in previous decades.

Describe voluntary migration patterns: the laws that still apply today.● Every migration flow generally generates a counterflow.● The majority of migrants move a short distance.● Migrants who move long distances tend to choose big city destinations.● Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.● Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum.Typically reluctant or forced migrants who leave their country because of war, famine, environmental catastrophes, or religious persecution.

In the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and midwestern cities to the South and the West Coast (the Sun Belt).The area people were moving from in the upper Midwest became known as the Rust Belt. These previous industrial powerhouses lost much of their economic base to other parts of the country and other parts of the world.

Migration in stages, typically as rural inhabitants move closer and closer to growing urban areas.

Movement of the U.S. population in the last several decades to the Sun Belt states has dramatically altered the balance of political and economic power as California, Florida, and Texas (all Sun Belt states) are now three of the four most populous states in the country. They carry a disproportionate number of electoral votes, have large congressional delegations, and are dominant in many economic sectors such as technology, energy production, and agriculture.

According to Thomas Malthus (1798), carrying capacity is limited by food availability.Food production grows arithmetically, whereas population grows geometrically or exponentially, meaning eventually food supplies cannot support an ever-increasing population.In reality, Malthus is somewhat accurate: eventually population growth does reach a carrying capacity called a homeostatic plateau that extends with each technological revolution.For example, the Industrial Revolution allowed for tremendous advancements in food production, greatly expanding the globe's carrying capacity.

Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49).TFR provides a more accurate picture of fertility in a country than CBR as it allows demographers to predict the birth rates of a particular cohort over time.Replacement level fertility: a fertility rate typically slightly higher than two (to account for infant/childhood mortality and childless women).

Pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock (e.g., goats, sheep, yaks, etc.) between mountains in summer and lowland pasture areas during winter.

Voluntary migration is when an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-and-pull factors.Pull factors are characteristics at a destination that draw a migrant to that place.Common pull factors include housing opportunities, climate, educational opportunities, and employment opportunities.Push factors are characteristics at an individual's current location that make him or her want to leave.Push factors include negative environmental characteristics, unemployment, lack of good services, and high cost of living among other things.

Demographic rates, such as fertility, mortality, and migration, have changed as a result of changing social values and increased access to education for women.With increases in education over time, women now influence the formal economy and hold high-level economic and political positions. This leads to fertility declines as highly educated working women are less likely to have large families.Increased access to healthcare and contraception has allowed women more control over family planning, decreasing fertility rates.

Gender refers to socially created distinctions between masculinity and femininity, while sex connotes biological differences between males and females.

Geographers are increasingly interested in spatial behavior pattern differences between males and females.For example, females, for safety reasons, may be less willing to travel alone in certain parts of a city as compared to males.

Culture can play a strong role in determining a woman's role in society, which often has implications for economic development.

When people of high education or with high-level professional positions pursue economic opportunities outside their home country, instead of encouraging development and economic growth locally.

Include sub-Saharan Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South and Southeast Asia and parts of South America.

All have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living.

Economy tends to focus on primary activities.

Countries that were formerly peripheral but have developed a significant industrial sector as a result of foreign direct investment.