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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Number of bones in the body
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206 bones
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Divisions of Skeletal System
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Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) |
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What does the axial skeleton include?
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Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum
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What does the appendicular skeleton include?
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Upper Extremity: Shoulder, Scapula, Clavicle
Lower Extremity: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) |
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What are the roles of the skeletal system?
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Support body weight
Transfer body weight Body movement Muscle and ligament attachment Protects organs Stores bone marrow Stores minerals |
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Bone Classifications
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Long
Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid Wormian |
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What are the characteristics of long bones
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Have a cylindrical shaft (diaphysis)
Protruding ends (epiphyses Function as levers |
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Examples of Long Bones
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Humerus, Fibula, Femur
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What are the characteristics of Short Bones?
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Short and relatively symmetrical
No diaphysis |
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Examples of Short Bones
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Carpals and Tarsals
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What are the characteristics of flat bones?
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Flat or curved surface
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Examples of Flat Bones
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Scapula, Ilium
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What are the characteristics of irregular bones?
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They are irregularly shaped
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Examples of irregular bones
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Maxilla, Vertebra
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What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones?
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Round
Embedded within a tendon Provide protection and leverage/mechanical advantage |
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Example of Sesamoid Bones
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Patella, Sesamoid bones of great toe
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What are wormian bones?
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Tiny bones found in the suture joints of the cranium
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Characteristics of the diaphysis
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Cylinder shaped
Wall (cortex) is composed of cortical bone Inner surface is lined with cancellous bone Contain the bone marrow cavity |
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What is cortical bone?
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Compact bone tissue
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What is cancellous bone?
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Spongy or trabecular bone
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Characteristics of grow plates (epiphyseal plates)
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Cartilaginous
Separate the epiphysis and diaphysis early in life Both ends of the bone grow from this plate Replaced by bone as the skeleton matures May not completely close until the age of 25 |
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Characteristics of the epiphyses
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Proximal and distal ends of a long bone
Composed primarily of cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone that is surrounded by a layer of cortical bone Wider surface area increases joint stability Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the articular surface of the epiphyses |
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What is articular (hyaline) cartilage?
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Covers the articular surfaces of bones
Protects the joint from wear and tear Provides shock absorption Has poor blood supply |
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What is the periosteum?
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Fibrous membrane that surrounds the diaphysis
Serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments Contains Bone forming/repairing cells and blood vessels |
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What is the endosteum?
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Fibrous membrane that lines the walls of the bone marrow cavity
Contains bone forming/repairing cells |
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What is the medullary cavity?
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Tube-like space located within the diaphysis
Contains bone marrow |
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Types of Bone Cells
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Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts Osteocytes |
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Osteoblasts
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Build bone tissue
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Osteoclasts
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Breakdown bone tissue
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Osteocytes
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Located within lacunae (small cavities within a bone)
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Types of Bone Matrix
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Organic Matrix
Inorganic Matrix |
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Organic Bones matrix
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Composed primarily of collagen fibers
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Inorganic Matrix
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Composed primarily of mineral salts and calcium
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Types of Bone Tissue
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Cortical (compact) Bone
Cancellous (trabecular or spongy) bone |
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Cortical Bone
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Ordered and dense arrangement
Found primarily in the shaft of long bones Osteon-structural unit of compact bone |
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Cancellous Bone
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Irregular and sponge-like arrangement
Found primarily in the epiphyses of long bones Trabeculae-form the "latticework" of spongy bone |
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What are the principals of Wolff's Law
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Bone responds to the physical demands that are placed on it
Increased stress leads to greater bone mass Decreased stress leads to less bone mass Excessive stress leads to a pathology |
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What is cartilage
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Connective tissue
Composed of cartilage cells and matrix (chondroblasts, chondrocytes) |
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What do Chondroblasts do?
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Build cartilage
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What are Chondrocytes?
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Mature chondroblasts
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Cartilage Matrix
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Collagen- provides tensile strength
Elastin- provides elasticity Ground Substance- proteoglycans, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate |
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What are the cartilage types?
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Hyaline
Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage |
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Characteristics of Hyaline (articular) Cartilage
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Articular surfaces of bones
Allows for smooth movement Protects joints from wear and tear Provides shock absorption |
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Fibrocartilage
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Greater amount of collagen fibers
Ex: Interpubic disc, Menisci |
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Elastic Cartilage
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Collagen and Elastin fibers
Ex: Epiglottis and outer ear |
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Characteristics of Menisci
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Crescent shaped fibrocartilage
Medial and lateral menisci located on the tibial plateau Inner edges are thinner than the outer edges Outer edges are connected to the tibial plateau via the coronary ligaments Vascularity declines as you move toward the inner edges Medial meniscus attaches to the medial collateral ligament Increases articular surface Provides shock absorption and stability Supplied by the genicular arteries around the knee |
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Characteristics of the Labrum
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Ring Shaped fibrocartilage
Glenoid labrum- Attached to the glenoid fossa Long Head of the biceps brachii tendon attaches to the superior portion of the glenoid labrum Acetabular labrum- hip (attached to acetabulum) Deepens articular surface of the glenohumeral joint Provides shock absorption and stability |
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Characteristics of Articular Discs
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Disc-shaped fibrocartilage
Increases area of a articular surface Provides shock absorption and stability Ex: Pubic symphysis and SC Joint |
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Characteristics of Ligaments
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Dense fibrous connective tissue
Composed primarily of collagen with some elastin fibers Strong tensile strength Connect bone to bone Facilitate or limit movement Provide static joint stability Poor blood supply May blend with the fibrous capsule of a joint Ex: MCL and AC Ligament |
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What is an extracapsular ligament?
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Ligament located outside of a joint capsule
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What is an intracapsular ligament?
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Ligament located within a joint capsule
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What is a joint capsule?
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Surrounds synovial joints
Two Layers: Fibrous- outer layer Synovial Membrane- inner layer that secretes synovial fluid Ex: Glenohumeral joint capsule |
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Characteristics of Bursae
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Synovial fluid filled sacs
Commonly found between tendon and bone/skin and bone Reduce friction between two structures Ex: Olecranon bursa and prepatellar bursa |
