Biochemistry (Chapter 1)

What is Biochemistry?

2 roads of chemistry before converging into Biochemistry

questions asked by scholars in studying the origin of life

are constructed from a limited number of elements.

3 main elements found in biochemicals

Functional Groups found in biomolecules

are simple compounds condensed to form more complex molecules and polymers, thus, self-replicating molecules would have been subject to natural selection

life on began ___ years ago, evolving from th most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity over time.

According to him there are 7 theories on the origin of life

7 Theories on the Origin of Life

the theory that states that it can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen. It also says that in 1953, lightning may have helped create the key building blocks of life on Earth.

States that the first molecules of life might have met on clay, according by the organic chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith.

He holds a preserved sample containing amino acids created by a 1958 experiment done by his mentor Stanley Miller

he suggests that mineral crystals in clat could have arranged organic molecules into organized patterns

a theory that suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents, spewing key hydrogen-rich molecules.

theory that says ice might have covered the oceans 3 billion years ago, as the sun was about a third less luminous that it is now.

theory that states instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions.

theory that states DNA needs proteins in order to form, and proteins require DNA to form.

how could DNA and proteins have formed without each other?

theory that states life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space. A tiny eight-legged animals survived exposure fro harsh environment of space on an Earth-orbiting mission is further support for the idea that simple life forms could travel between planets.

Biomolecules conform to the chemical and physical principles that govern all matter. It interacts with each other in accordance with another set of principles which we refer to as the ____.

These are set of ground rules that govern and characterize the nature, function and interaction of biomolecules

(changes in an individual's genetic material) arise at random as the result of chemical damage or inherent errors in the replication process.

TRUE OR FALSE. A mutation that increases the chances of survival of the individual increases the likelihood that the mutation will be passed on to the next generation.

____ tend to spread rapidly through a population; deleterious changes tend to die along with the organism that harbors them.

the theory of evolution by _____, which was first articulated by _____ in the year _____, has been confirmed through observation and experimentation.

What are the 3 principles of evolution?

What are the 3 domains of life?

Give 2 examples of bacteria

Give 2 examples of Archaea

Give 2 examples of Eukarya

The word "eukaryote" means _____

____ are more complex organisms and can be multicellular or single-celled.

is one of the chief features distinguishing a eukaryote from a prokaryote

The are the earliest cells that evolved must have been very simple, having the minimum apparatus necessary for life processes. These types of organisms living today that most probably resemble the earliest cells are the _____

prokaryotes came from the Greek derivation, karyon meaning ______ and literally means ______.

a growing body of fossil evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes about _______ years ago.

what does a prokaryote lack?

______ of cells to different external conditions ultimately led to the present diversity of species.

are the basic building blocks of all living organism such as the human body.

This is where the human body's hereditary material is found

List from smallest to biggest.

cells - molecules - atoms - tissues - organelles

Cells have many parts, each with a different function. Some of these parts called ____, are specialized structures that perform certain tasks within the cell.

_____ have long, thin extensions that can reach for meters and serve to transmit signals rapidly

Types of Living Cell

they lack membrane bound organelles and is the earliest cell type

they are originally thought to be prokaryotes.

they also lack membrane bound organelles and usually live in extreme environments.

archaea living in:

extreme heat -

extreme heat and acidic environment -

extreme salty environment -

anaerobic/methane gas environment -

extreme acidic habitat -

extreme cold environment -

_____ means 'true' and _____ meaning nucleus

they contain membrane bound organelles and they evolved from prokaryotes by endosymbiotic association of two or more prokaryotes

What are the different parts of a cell?

a selective permeable organelle to ions and organic molecules, thus, allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to leave.

based on a framework of fat-basrd molecules called phospholipids, which physically prevent water-loving, or hydrophilic substance from entering or escaping the cell.

a network of long fibers that make up the cell's structural framework.

- its functions are determining the cell shape, participating in cell division, and allowing cells to move.

- It also provides a track-like system that directs the movement of organelles and other substances within the cells.

made up of jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) and other structures that surround the nucleus.

it is the jelly-like fluid in the cytoplasm

cells can use as much as ____% of their energy just to maintain the composition of their cytoplasm.

helps process molecules created by the cell (in the synthesis, folding, modification, and then transports these molecules to their specific destinations either inside or outside the cell

- synthesize of phospholipids and cholesterol (steroid), which are major components of the plasma and internal membranes.

- lipid metabolism

- contributes to the detoxification of drugs and harmful chemicals

is a specialized type of SER that regulates calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.

attached to the outer surface is protein-synthesizing particles are ribosomes.

- synthesis and export of secretory proteins (ex. peptide hormones) and glycoproteins

a micro-machine of bringing by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.

acts as a catalyst in two extremely important biological process called peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis

2 important processes in ribosomes

packages molecules processed by the ER to be transported out of the cell

help in processing and packaging the macromolecules like protein and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. (acts as the 'post office' of the cell')

a major site of synthesis of carbohydrates and is also involved in the secretion of materials of primary and secondary cell walls in plants.

- the recycling center of the cell.

- digests foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and other antigens that invade th cell, rid the cell of the toxic substances, and recycle worn-out cell components.

involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and oxygen

rarely found within plant cells due to th tough cell wall surrounding a plant cell that keeps out foreign substances

convert energy from food into a form that cell can use.

produce ATP through process of cellular respiration specifically aerobic respiration (through Krebs cycle or Citric Acid Cycle)

have their own genetic material, separate from the DNA in the nucleus and can make copies of themselves

help in building a certain parts of blood and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.

play an important role in the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death

serves as the cells command center, sending and directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide or die

it coordinates the cell's activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

it stores that sells hereditary material or DNA and it coordinates the cell's activities which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division)

it is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which protects the DNA and separates the nucleus from the rest of th cell.