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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who was the father of Genetics |
Mendel |
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Who coined the term "genetics" |
Bateson |
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What character? |
A heritable feacture |
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What did mendel work with? And what was he observing? |
Pea plants: He observed the: Shape of the seed Seed colour Pod shape Pod colour Flower colour |
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What is a character? |
It is a heritable feacture of a individual such as eye colour |
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What is a trait |
This is a variant form of a character (phenotype) |
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What is a monhybrid cross |
This is a cross between two true breeding indiciduals in only one character. |
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What is a monohybrid cross |
This is a cross between two true breeding individuals for a certain single characteristic |
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What are true breeds also known as? |
The p generation |
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What is the f2 generation, why is it significant |
They are the offspring of the p generation. And show a 3:1 characteristic ratio. One will be homozygous for dominant, one for homozygous ressesive and two heterozygous |
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What is mendles law of segregation |
Each parent has two alleles and only one is passed on to a individual offspring. |
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"Alleles are assorted independenly of each other" what is this the definition for?? |
Independent assortment |
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When does independet assortment occure? |
During metaphase 1 |
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How do recombinant phenotypes occure? And what are they? |
Recombinant phenotypes is when a individual possesses a combination of a phenotypes which is different from that of the parent. It occures through indpendent assortment or crossing over |
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What is the process of genetic reconstruction which gives rise to new combinations of linked genes that occures during p-phase of prophase 1. |
Crossing over |
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What is the % of the progeny that differs from either parent called? |
Recombinant frequency |
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What is incomplete dominance |
This is when a dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of rhe recessive allele on the same locus |
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What is once-dominace and give an example? |
This is where each allele affects the phenotype in separate distinguishing ways. For example the abo blood group system . |
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What is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance |
In incomplete the alleles blend together to creat a different trait. In co dominant they appear together and remain a distinct heterozygous |
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What is pleiotropy? Give an example |
This is when a single gene has multiple affects on the phenotype. Eg cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anaemia |
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What is polygenic inheritance, give exmapl |
When one single trait is derived from multiple genes. Such as height, skin colour |
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What is epistasis |
This is when one gene maskes or modifies the expression of another |
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What does it mean if a organism is a polyploidy |
It means it has 3 chromosomes at each group. |
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What does aneuploidy mean? |
This means that there is an addition or missing chromosomes in a individuals karyotype |
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What does non-disjunction give rise too? Explain both meiosis i and meiosis ii |
If it occures in meiosis i it gives rise too 2 trisomy and 2 monosomy If it occures in meiosis ii half will be normal the one will be trisonmy ans 1 monosomy |
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What is trisomy21 |
Down syndrome |
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What does an individual with only one female sex chromosome have? |
Turners syndrome |
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How does 'x x y' effect an individual |
They will have klinedellers syndrome |
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What is cri-du-chat syndrome and exakple of |
Deletion. In this it is caused by deletion of part of the small arm on chromosome 5 |
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Prader willi syndrome is and exalple of invertion true or fasle |
False its deletion |
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What is the process which affects certain genes when the maternal or parternal copy of the gene is sliced |
Genomic imprinting |
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What is translocation, give example of problem |
This pccures when genes swap over chromosomes. An exakple would be chronic myelocytic leukamia. It is not herited but occures spontaneously in adults |
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How was nucleric acid discovered |
Discovered by friedrich miescher, using puss from bandages he gained white blood cells which gained the nuclei and a substance rich in phosphorus and nitrogen |
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What is nucleric acid made from |
A five carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base And phosphate |
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What are dna and rna a type of |
Nucleric acid |
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What did Griffiths study involve |
He worked with two strands of streptococus pneumonia one without a nucleric memebrane (r) one with (s). He injected into mice. S killed r did not He heated s, then injected it. S did not kill He mixed r and heated s.... mice died He concluded that the material to kill was spread between them |
He worked with s stands and r stands |
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What did oswald avery experiment on, what did he find |
He looked at the transforming principle. Found, that it was dna as it had the same molecular weight, and it was not a protein, lipid, or rna, or a carbohydrate |
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What did Hershey and chase do |
In their experiment they used phages to demonstrate that dna was the genetic material. By staining the cloat, then the dna |
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How are dna nucleotides bonded together |
Hydrogen bonds |
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What are nucleotides made from |
Pentose sugar phosphate and base |
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What are bases divided into |
Purines and pyrimidines |
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What bases pair together |
Adenine thymine Guanine cytosine |
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What are adenine and guanine examples of |
Purines |
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What are the pyrimidines |
Thymine and cytosine |
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What are the diameters of dna |
It is 2nm wide Each turn is 3.4nm Distance between nucleotides is 0.34 |
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What are the diameters of dna |
It is 2nm wide Each turn is 3.4nm Distance between nucleotides is 0.34 |
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Do bases have specific pairs with certain number of bonds... elaborate |
A-t has two G-c has 3 |
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What did watson and crick suggest |
That dna can act as a template fkr synthesis of a new complementary stand |
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What does dna polymerase do |
It syntheisies dna in the 5 prime 3 prime direction as it does it inserts complementary bases, gaining enery for breaking phosphate bonds |
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What does helicase do |
Unwinds the helix |
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How is the dna helix held open |
Single stand binding proteins. |
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What did archibold garrod do |
He studied alkaptonuria, (urine darkend after exposer to air) He notoced it was inherited in mendelian fashion. |
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Where does translation occur |
In the ribosomes |
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How does rna differ from dna |
Rna has a ribose sugar, istead of a deoxyribose. It also has uracil as a nitrogous base instead of thymine |
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What is translation |
This is the synthesis of a polypeptide using mrna |
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What is transcription |
This is where mrna is produces. Rna polumerase binds to a site called the promoter. |
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What a single gene disorders caused by |
Cause by point mutations in singke genes. |
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Describe sickle cell anaemia |
Causes anaemia, joint pain, swollen spleen and frequent severe infections. Can be treated with blood transfusion, and cured with bone marrow transplant. It is an example of an autosomal recessive. It has pleiotropic effects, meaning it effects many aspects of a phenotypes. |
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List some pleiotrophic effects of sickle cell anaemia |
Weakness, anema, heart failure, pain, fever, brain damage, damage to organs spleen damage, paralysis, kidney faliure |
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What is unusual about sickel cell carriers |
They have a phenotype called sockle cell trait where under low oxygen conditions. And some sickling will occure. |
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What is heterozygote advantage |
This is when heterozygotes are fittter and manage to pass on there genes, when homozygote dont. For example sickle cell and malaria |
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What causes cystic fibrosis? |
A mutation which causes cftr being unable to fold correctly, and not able to get to the creat location, preventing water and ion movement. |
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How is cystic fibrosis treated |
Antibiotics |
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Why are autosomal dominant conditions so bad |
If an affected has it 50% of its offspring will also have it. |
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