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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of CSF |
Protects brain & spinal cord from injury (shock absorption) |
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Structures of Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) |
Astrocytes & Pericytes surround blood vessels of the brain & spinal cord, helping to control influx/efflux of chemicals Microglia are specialized immune system cells that patrol the brain & spinal cord who look for & remove invaders, damaged cells, or cancerous cells |
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Brain Stem functions |
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Brain Stem structures |
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What are the functions of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)? |
In human biology, believed to play a role in many important functions, including sleep and waking, behavioral motivation, breathing, and the beating of the heart.
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What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
Coordinates/regulates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity Stores learned motor movement |
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What is the function of the thalamus? |
Relays sensory info from sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed (switchboard) |
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What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
Responsible for motivational behaviors (e.g., hunger, thirst) Maintain constant body temperature Controls pituitary gland, which is the master gland that controls other endocrine glands in the body |
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata? |
Controls involuntary body functions that sustain life (e.g., breathing, swallowing, heart rate) Helps transfer neural messages from the brain to the spinal cord |
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What are the 5 lobes of the cerebellum? |
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Somatosensory Cortex function & location |
Location: Posterior to the central sulcus, it's made up of right & left lobes which are connected in the middle by the corpus colossum. Function: Receives all sensory input from the body. |
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Primary Motor Cortex function & location |
Location: Anterior to the central sulcus, back of frontal lobe, just about at the top of the head Function: Generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement |
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Pre-frontal Area function & location |
Function: Part of brain that gives human beings much of their intelligence & problem solving ability because its ability to process both current environment & past memories |
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Broca's Area function & location |
Speech production, language processing |
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Wernicke's Area function & location |
Comprehension of speech |
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Primary Visual Cortex function & location |
Location: Posterior of Occipital Lobe Function: Photoreception; central processing of visual information |
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Primary auditory area function & location |
Function: Sound information processed, including: - Frequency - Location - Volume |
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Visual association area function & location |
Location: Directly anterior to the Primary Visual Cortex on the Occipital Lobe Function: Complex processing of visual information |
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Auditory association area function & location |
Function: Complex processing of auditory info; allows you to recognize a particular sound as speech, music, or noise |
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What is a commissural tract? |
Connects LEFT & RIGHT hemispheres of the brain (e.g., corpus collosum) |
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What is an association tract? |
Connect 1 gyrus to another in the SAME HEMISPHERE (e.g., Cingulum) |
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What is a projection tract? |
Connect cerebral cortex to spinal cord and other lower brain structures Run VERTICALLY - convey sensory and motor information |
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Structures of the basal ganglia (basal nuclei) |
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What is the function of the Caudate Nucleus? |
Storing & processing memories Using past to determine future action Language control |
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What is the function of the Globus Pallidus? |
Regulation of voluntary movement |
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What is the function of the Putamen? |
Aids smooth, predictable movement of limbs |
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What is Parkinson's & what are the symptoms? |
Parkinson’s disease affects the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine Symptoms: - Muscle rigidity - Tremors - Changes in speech & gait |
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Whydoes L-Dopa improve the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? |
Nerve cells use L-Dopa to make dopamine to replenish the brain's dwindling supply |
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Cerebrum |
"Seat of intelligence" Reading, writing, speaking |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Grey matter on outer seat of cerebellum |
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Gyrus |
Ridge/fold between 2 clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain |
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Sulcus |
Groove/furrow between folds |
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Longitudinal fissure |
Separates the cerebrum into RIGHT & LEFT halves Contains falx cerebri |
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Central sulcus |
Separates the FRONTAL LOBE & the PARIETAL LOBE |
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Precentral gyrus |
Contains PRIMARY MOTOR area of CEREBRAL CORTEX; Immediately anterior to central sulcus |
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Postcentral gyrus |
Contains PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY area of CERBRAL CORTEX; Immediately posterior to central sulcus |
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Lateral sulcus |
Separates FRONTAL LOBE from TEMPORAL LOBE |
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Parieto-occipito sulcus |
Separates PARIETAL LOBE from POSTERIOR OCCIPITAL LOBE |
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Frontal lobe |
Controls important cognitive skills; Motor association area |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Involves planning & a person's response to complex problems |
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Primary motor cortex |
Plan & execute movement; Precentral gyrus |
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Parietal lobe |
Sensation & perceptions |
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Primary somatosensory area |
Receive nerve impulses for touch, pressure, pain, & temperature |
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Primary gustatory area |
Receive impulses for taste (taste perception) |
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Primary visual area (of occipital lobe) |
Receives visual input |
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Visual association area (of occipital lobe) |
Interprets visual input |
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Temporal lobe
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Understanding speech; Lies directly deep to temples |
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Primary auditory area |
Receives auditory info; Basic & higher functions of hearing |
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Auditory association area |
Interprets acoustic signals as speech, music, or other sound |
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Primary olfactory area |
Olfactory perception |
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Insula |
"Island;" Integrates ANS info |
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Amygdala |
Emotions (response to anger); Survival instincts |
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Hippocampus |
Regulate emotion; Memory & orientation |
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Olfactory bulb |
Responsible for sense of smell |
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Basal nuclei |
Initiation & termination of movement |
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Claustrum |
Essential in multisensory integration |
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Internal capsule |
White matter projection fibers; Contains both ascending & descending axons |
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External capsule |
White matter projection fibers; High concentration of motor & sensory projection fibers |
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Extreme capsule |
White matter projection fibers between Broca's and Wernicke's speech areas (Role in language?) |
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Choroid plexus |
Produces CSF |
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Lateral ventricle |
Contains & circulates CSF |
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Interventricular foramen |
Connects ventricles & allows passage of CSF |
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3rd Ventricle |
Contains & circulates CSF |
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Cerebral aquaduct |
Transfers CSF from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle |
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Median aperature |
Drains CSF from 4th Ventricle to Cisterna Magna |
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Lateral aperature |
Drains CSF from 4th Ventricle into Cerebellopontine angle cistern |
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Subarachnoid space |
Contains blood vessels (that supply brain) & CSF; Helps cushion brain from injury; Part of BBB |
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Central canal |
CSF-filled space that runs length of spinal cord |
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Arachnoid villi (AKA - Arachnoid granulation) |
Small protrusions in arachnoid mater through dura mater that allows CSF to exit subarachnoid space to blood stream |
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Thalamus |
Involved with motor control; Receives/relay signals to/from cerebral cortex (switchboard); Controlling sleep/wake cycle |
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Intermediate mass |
Connection between right & left portions |
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Optic nerve |
Visual pathway |
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Optic chiasma |
Visual pathway |
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Optic tract |
Visual pathway |
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Anterior commisure |
Commissural fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres
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Posterior commisure |
Commisural fibers crossing the midline bilateral; Involved in light touch |
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Mammillary body |
Smell relay, suckling reflex |
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Pineal body (epiphysis) |
Secretes melatonin;
Regulates endocrine functions; Body clock |
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Pituitary (hypophysis) |
Secretes hormones that control endocrine glands for regulation of all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, & homeostasis |
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Substantia nigra |
Plays role in reward, addiction, & movement via dopamine production |
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Corpora quadrigemina |
Reflex centers involving vision & hearing |
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Superior colliculi |
Plays role in helping orient head & eye to all types of sensory stimuli (VISUAL REFLEX) |
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Inferior colliculi |
Principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway (AUDITORY REFLEX) |
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Pons |
Helps relay messages from cortex & cerebellum; Contains breathing centers |
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Middle cerebellar peduncle |
Connects pons to cerebellum; Voluntary movement pathway |
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Cerebellum |
Coordinates & regulates muscular activity |
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Folium |
Folds of the cerebellum |
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Vermis |
Posterior fossa in the brain that separates Right & Left; Works in posture & locomotion |
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Medula oblongata |
Center for respiration & circulation; Helps regulate digestion, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, & swallowing |
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Olive (olivary bodies) |
Proprioception |
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Decussation of the Pyramids |
Motor tracts of the medulla |
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Falx cerebri |
Extension of dura mater that separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum |
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Falx cerebelli |
Extension of dura mater that separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum |
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Tentorium cerebelli |
Extension of dura mater that separates cerebrum from cerebellum |
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Dura mater |
Most superficial of the 3 meninges composed of dense irregular CT |
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Arachnoid mater |
Middle of the 3 meninges; Avascular CT covering |
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Pia mater |
Innermost of 3 meninges; Thin transparent areolar CT layer that adheres to surface of spinal cord & brain |
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Epidural space |
Space between dura mater & wall of vertebral canal |
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Subdural space |
Space between dura mater & arachnoid mater containing interstitial fluid |
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Subarachnoid space |
Space between arachnoid mater which cointains CSF; Shock absorption & suspension system for brain & spinal cord |
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Grey matter |
Unmyelinated axons, mostly cell bodies |
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Myelinated axons (tracts)
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Anterior median fissure |
Wide groove |
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Posterior median sulcus |
Narrow furrow |
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Anterior white column |
Somatic motor neurons/axons |
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Posterior white column |
Somatic sensory neurons/axons |
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Lateral white column |
Lots of tracts |
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Anterior grey horn |
Somatic motor neurons/cell bodies |
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Posterior grey horn |
Somatic sensory neurons/cell bodies (& ANS) |
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Lateral grey horn |
(Only in thoracic & lumbar) ANS motor neurons |
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Grey commissure |
Connects 2 sides of grey matter |
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Central canal |
Contains CSF |
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Epyndymal cells |
Line central canal; Produce & circulate CSF |
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Anterior horn cells |
Somatic motor neurons |
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Posterior root |
Contains sensory axons |
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Anterior root |
Contains motor axons |
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Posterior root ganglion (DRG) |
Sensory cell bodies |
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Dorsal ramus |
Mixed nerve (motor & sensory) to POSTERIOR
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Ventral ramus |
Mixed nerve (motor & sensory) to ANTERIOR |
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Spinal nerve |
Mixed nerve |
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Cervical (brachial) enlargement |
Thickening of spinal cord containing nerves to upper extremities |
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Lumbrosacral (lumbar) enlargement |
Thickening of spinal cord containing nerves to lower extremities |
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Cauda equina |
Nerves exiting spinal cord resembling horse's tail |
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Filum terminale |
Pia matter extension attaching to coccyx |
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Conus medullaris |
End of spinal cord |
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Nerve of Cervical Plexus (C1-C5) |
Phrenic nerve |
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Trunks of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) |
Superior, medium, & inferior trunks |
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Cords of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) |
Posterior, lateral, & medial cords
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Lumbar Plexus |
L1-L5 |
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Sacral Plexus |
L4-S4 (e.g., sciatic nerve) |
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Which cranial nerve exit brain through Telencephalon? |
(I) Olfactory nerve |
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Which cranial nerves exit brain through Diencephalon? |
(II) Optic |
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Which cranial nerves exit brain through the Mesensephalon midbrain? |
(III) Occulomotor (IV) Trochlear |
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Which cranial nerves exit brain through the Mesensephalon pons? |
(V) Trigeminal (VI) Abducens (VII) Facial (VIII) Vestibulochoclear |
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Which cranial nerves exit brain through the Mylencephalon medulla? |
(IX) Glossopharyngeal (X) Vagus (XI) Accessory (XII) Hypoglossal |
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What is the skull exit of the olfactory nerve? |
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone |
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What is the skull exit of the optic nerve? |
Optic foramen |
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Which cranial nerves exit through the Superior Orbial Fissure? |
(III) Oculomotor (IV) Trochlear (V) Trigeminal (opthamalic) (VI) Abducens |
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Which skull feature does the Trigeminal maxillary cranial nerve exit out of? |
Foramen rotundum |
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Which skull feature does the Trigeminal madibular cranial nerve exit out of? |
Foramen ovale |
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Which skull feature does the Facial cranial nerve exit out of? |
Stylomastoid foramen |
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Which skull feature does the Vestibulochoclear cranial nerve exit out of? |
Internal acoustic meatus |
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Which cranial nerves exit the skull through the Jugular Foramen? |
(IX) Glossopharengeal (X) Vagus (XI) Accessory |
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Which skull feature does the Hypoglossal cranial nerve exit out of? |
Hypoglossal cannal |
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What are the stages of the reflex arc? |
1. Stimulus receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integration center 4. Motor neuron 5. (Reflex) effector |
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Denticulate ligament |
Ligament that keeps spinal cord aligned horizontally |