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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Evolution |
Cumulative genetic change in a population over time |
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Population |
Group of individuals of the same species that interbreed and interact |
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Community |
Group of different individuals |
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Phenotype |
Expressed traits (physical and behavioral) |
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Phenotype Plasticity |
The ability to express a different value of a trait in a different enviroment |
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Natural Selection |
"Survival of the fittest", individuals with favorable traits will go on to breed and pass them along |
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Variation |
Differences between individuals in a population |
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Adaptation |
Change over time that makes a species fit into its enviroment |
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Homology |
2 species change in DIFFERENT ways from a common point or ancestor |
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Analogous |
2 different species evolve the SAME way |
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Homologous Structures |
Similar or the same trait found in two or more species because they both inherited it from a common ancestor |
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Developmental Homologies |
Similar embryos in species |
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Genetic Homologies |
Similarity in DNA sequences |
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Vestigial Structures |
Reduced or incomplete structures with no function or a NEW function |
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Hypothesis |
An idea or explanation for a pattern that is testable through experiments and observations.
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Theory |
Rigorously tested statement of a generalprincipal that explains a pattern
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Convergent Evolution |
The process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments
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Plato |
Imperfections reflect the real physical world |
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Aristotle |
Created the "Great Chain of Being" from least complex to most complex, (Dirt to Humans) |
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Carl Linnaeus |
Created Taxonomy, species that are similar |
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James Hutten and Charles Lyell |
Gradual geographical change over time |
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
Acquired characteristics, individual gains a trait in their life-time and pass it down |
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Thomas Malthus |
More offspring are born than survive |
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Fitness |
Number of viable offspring produced |
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Adaptive Radiation |
Rapid diversification of a lineage when it encounters new habitats or immigration |
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To Adapt |
Process which populations evolve through natural selection |
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Local Adaptation |
Pattern of different populations evolve to match their enviroment by natural selection |
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Mutation |
Permanent change in an organisms DNA |
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Adaptive Evolution |
Increase in frequency of beneficial alleles and decrease in deleterious allelesdue to selection
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Allele Frequency |
Rate at which a specific allele appears within a population
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Bottleneck Effect |
Genetic drift when there is a sudden reduction in number of alleles in a population and death is random in respect to phenotypes |
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Founder Effect |
Occurs when a small group of individuals establish a new population |
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Stabilizing Selection |
Favors average phenotype, extreme phenotype's at disadvantage (less variation) |
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Directional Selection |
Shift in the average phenotype in one direction, favoring one extreme |
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Disruptive Selection |
Favors extreme phenotype's, selects against intermediate traits (more variation) |
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Balancing Selection |
Also a kind of diversifying selection, it maintains polymorphism |
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Frequency-dependent Selection |
Fitness of a phenotype is determined by itʼs relative frequency compared to other phenotypes in the populations |
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Negative-frequency |
favoring rare phenotypes |
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Genetic Drift |
Random change in allele frequency, increasing OR decreasing fitness |
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Genetic Flow |
Change in allele frequency that occurs when individuals leave one population and join another population (may increase or decrease fitness depending on circumstances)
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Half-life |
Time for half of parent isotope to decay to particular daughterisotope
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Nucleotides |
The monomer unit of DNA |
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Gene |
Unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines different characteristics
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Point Mutation |
Only one nucleotide is changed |
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Silent Mutation |
Change in nucleotide does not change the amino acid specified by the codon
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Missense Mutation |
Replacement, change in the nucleotide changes the amino acid |
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Nonsense Mutation |
Change in nucleotide results in early stop codon
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Frameshift Mutation |
Addition or subtraction of a nucleotide shifting everything else |
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Eukaryotes |
Multiple chromosomes |
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Autosomes |
The other 22 chromosomes not sex chromosomes |
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Chromosome |
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
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Haploid |
half of the amount of chromosomes |
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Ploidy |
number of chromosomes |
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Diploid |
Paired chromosomes from each parent |
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Uniformitarianism
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The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
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