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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which tissue type covers & secretes? |
Epithelial |
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Which tissue type contracts? |
Muscle |
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Which tissue type supports, binds, & protects? |
Connective |
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Which tissue type produces, supports, and transmits action potentials? |
Nervous |
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What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue? |
1. no blood supply 2. large nuclei relative to size 3. high mitosis rate |
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Where is covering epithelia found? |
Exterior and interior surfaces |
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Where is glandular epithelia found? |
exocrine and endocrine glands |
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What is the purpose of cell adhesions? |
Maintain structure and regulate movement |
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Which cell adhesion is tube-like and functions in communication? |
gap junction |
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Which cell adhesion anchors and is known as macula adherens? |
Desmosomes/hemidesmosomes |
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Which cell adhesion is the most apical, contains protein binding claudins, forms seals, has zonulae that go around the entire perimeter of the cell and is known as zonula occludens? |
Tight junctions |
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Which cell adhesion anchors a cell to its neighbor via cadherins and is known as zonula ahderens? |
Adhering junction |
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Which cell surface is attached to the basement membrane? |
Basal |
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Which cell surface faces the free surface? |
apical |
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Which cell surface is exposed? |
free |
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Which cell surface faces a neighbor cell? |
lateral |
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What cell surface is basal lamina + reticular lamina? |
Basement membrane |
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What is the main function of the basement membrane and can it be degraded? |
Separate epithelial and connective tissue. It is made of extracellular material so it is not degraded if the cells die. |
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Which class of epithelia is described as aggregated polyhedral cells with little to no extracellular material? |
Covering Epithelia |
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How is covering epithelia characterized? |
1. number of layers 2. shape of cells at the apical surface |
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What is the most common stain for covering epithelia? |
Pararosaline toluidine stain. Reacts with aldehydes. |
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Which covering epithelia is described as a single layer of flat cells? |
Simple Squamous epithelium |
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What is the difference between endothelium and mesothelium? |
Endothelium is in the lining of vessels. Mesothelium is in the lining of cavities |
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What are the 3 main functions of simple squamous epithelium? |
1. regulate movement in viscera 2. pinocytosis 3. secretion |
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Which epithelial tissue is uncommon and composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells? |
simple cuboidal epithelium |
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What are the 3 main functions of simple cuboidal epithleium? |
1. covers 2. secretion 3. reabsorption |
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What are some examples of where simple cuboidal epithelium is found? |
Nephron tubules, thyroid follicles, & unilaminar ovarian follicles |
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Which epithelial tissue is common, often has cell surface specialization, embedded goblet cells, and nuclei that are moderately lined up? (column shaped) |
Simple columnar epithelium |
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What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium? |
1. regulate movement & entrapment |
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Where is simple columnar epithelium found? |
lining of the intestines |
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Which epithelial tissue has nuclei that appear to be in layers, all cells attached to the basement membrane, and cells are often ciliated? |
Psuedostratified columnar epithelium |
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What are the functions of psuedostratified columnar epithelium? |
protection, secretion, and entrapment |
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Where is psuedostratified epithelium found? |
limited to mostly respiratory structures |
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Which epithelial tissue has multiple layers with flattened cells near apical surface, found in areas prone to loss, and are frequently replaced and thus more prone to cancer? |
Stratified Squamous epithelium |
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What are the 2 variations of stratified squamous & their appearance? |
Dry: keratinized uppermost cells Moist: no keratinization and contains glandular epithelia |
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What are the functions of the two types of stratified squamous epithelium? |
Dry: protect skin & waterproofing (skin) Moist: prevent water loss and produce secretions (mouth, esophagus, vagina, cervix, & larynx) |
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What is defined as tissue type change due to repeated damage? |
Metaplasia |
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What epithelial tissue is described as 2 layers of cuboidal cells? |
Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found & what does it do? |
Location: sweat glands, mammary glands, & multilaminar ovarian follicles.
Function: secretion |
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Components of an H&E stain and what they bind to? |
H: hematoxylin, binds to acidic structures (blue/purple)
E: eosin, binds to basic structures (pink) |
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What epithelial tissue is described as having no organized layers & not all cells are attached to the basement membrane, uppermost cells aren't flattened, and some of the uppermost cells are binucleated? |
Stratified transitional epithelium |
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What are the functions and locations of stratified transitional epithelium? |
Function: stretch, distend, and regain original shape. Secretions protect against hypertonic urine
Location: multiple urinary structures |
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Which epithelial tissue may be described as columnar cuboidal epithelium and has 1 layer of columnar cells resting on a layer of cuboidal cells? |
Stratified columnar |
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Where is stratified columnar epithelium found? |
conjuctiva of the eye, large salivary glands |
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What are the 2 non-motile surface specialization? |
1. Microvilli: found in small intestine 2. Stereocilia: found in ear hair cells |
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What are the 2 motile surface specializations? |
1. Cilia: found in fallopian tubes 2. Flagellum |
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What type of epithelia is subdivided into single cells embedded with non-secretory epithelia, multicellular exocrine glands, and mutlicellular endocrine glands? |
Glandular epithelia |
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What type of unicellular glandular epithelium show polarity and have a serum like secretion? |
Serous secreting. Found in parietal & visceral layers of pleural & pericardial cavities. |
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What membrane lines cavities with no opening to exterior of the body? |
Serous membrane |
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Which unicellular glandular epithelium has mucous cells, found in lining of tracts and tubules, & secretory granules contain hyrophilic glycoproteins? |
Mucus secreting glandular epithelium |
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What membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior of the body? |
Mucous membranes |
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3 functional classifications of endocrine & exocrine glands and their differences? |
1. Merocrine: only secretory product is released 2. Holocrine: secretion is released with entire cell 3. Apocrine: secretion is released with part of the cytoplasm |
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What are the functions of the cells in connective tissue? |
build (blasts) and maintain (cytes) the tissue |
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What are the proteins extruded into the ground substance of connective tissue? |
Fibers |
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What are the two main characteristics of connective tissue? |
1. cells often described as embedded within a matrix 2. matrix = ground substance + fibers 3. Most common fibers: collagen, elastic, & reticular |
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What is the most common type of collagen that forms fibrils, non-argyrophilic, and function in resistance to tension? |
Type 1 Collagen fibers |
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What colors do the eosinophilic fibers of type 1 collagen fibers appear with different stains? |
1. H&E: pink 2. Picrosiruis red: bright red 3. Mallory's trichrome: blue 4. Masson's trichrome: green |
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Which collagen type are abundant in organs that filter, argyrophilic, and have a high sugar content? |
Type 3 (reticular) |
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Which fibers are found in organs that stretch and recoil? |
Elastic fibers |
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What are the 3 stages of elastic fibers? |
1. Stage 1 (oxytalan): no elastin, resistant to pulling forces 2. Stage 2 (elaunin): elastin + microfibrils 3. Stage 3 (elastic): most elastin. stretches and recoils easily |
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What is described as hydrated, colorless, complex mix of macromolecules? |
Ground substance |
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What are the 3 primary classes of components of the ground substance in connective tissue? |
1. GAGS (glycosaminoglycans): linear polysaccharides with repeated disaccharide units 2. Proteoglycan: core protein associated with GAG 3. Multiadhesive Glycoprotein: dominant protein moiety with attached carbohydrate |
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What are the 2 main types of connective tissue? |
1. embryonic 2. adult |
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What are the 2 kinds of embryonic tissue? |
1. mesenchyme 2. mucous |
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Which connective tissue type has no dominant component, contains fibroblasts & macrophages, is vascularized, flexible, but not resistant to stress? |
Loose connective tissue |
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Which connective tissue type has fibers dominant and is resistant to stress and tension? |
Dense connective tissue |
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Which connective tissue type is uncommon, characterized by thick elastic fibers, and found in the yellow ligaments of the vertebral column? |
Elastic tissue |
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Which specialize connective tissue creates a sieve-like structure for filtering, contains phagocytic cells, and is found in the spleen & lymphnodes? |
Reticular tissue |
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Which tissue is only found in embryonic or developing specimens, few fibers/fibroblasts, and has a ground substance high in hyaluronic acid? |
Mucous tissue |
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Which connective tissue is characterized by osteocytes housed in lacunae? |
Bone |
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If parasympathectic hormone is increase, calcium is ? |
released |
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If calcitonin is increased, calcium is? |
stored |
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Which bone cell is derived from osteoprogenitor cells and deposits collagen and ground substance? bulbous shape if active? |
Osteoblasts |
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What are mature bone cells that connect via gap junctions? |
Osteocytes |
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Which bone cells are multinucleated, secrete collagenase, and are are inhibited by increased calcitonin and stimulated by increased parathyroid hormone? |
Osteoclasts |
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What is the thick outer layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts in bone tissue? |
Periosteum |
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What lines the inner cavity of bones and is comprised of a single layer of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells? |
Endosteum |
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When is primary compact bone formed? |
embryonically or during repair |
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What are the characteristics of primary compact bone? |
Random arrangement of collagen fibers, low mineral content, and many osteocytes |
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Which type of compact bone has collage fibers and calcified ground substance arranged in lamellae and has an angled fiber orientation to increase its strength? |
Secondary (lamellar) |