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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the levels of organization |
1. Cell
2. Tissue
3. Organ
4. Organ system
5. Organism |
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1. What is a cell? |
Basic unit of life |
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What is the cell theory? |
- All life is composed of cells
- All cells come from pre-existing cells |
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2. What is tissue? |
A group of similar cells that perform a common function |
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Name the four types of tissue groups |
1. Epithelial Tissue- covers or lines (ex. digestive tracts)
2. Connective Tissue - connect or interconnect (ex. Blood , bone, cartilage, adipose)
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue |
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3. What is an organ? |
group of tissues that perform a common function(s)
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Give examples of organs |
Stomach , kidney, heart , liver, skin , small intestine, adrenal gland , ovary, testes , eyes, brain |
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Which is the largest organ in the body? |
the Skin |
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What organs , use up calories while sleeping? |
Liver and brain |
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4. What is an organ system? |
Group of organs that perform a common function
ex. digestive system |
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Give example of an organism |
Human |
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What is Anatomy? |
The study of body structure |
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What is the level of structural organization of the body from simplest to most complex? |
1. cellular
2. tissue
3. organ
4. organ system
5. human organism |
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In adult anatomical position , the body stands? |
The body stands erect
facing forward with legs together
the arms are at the sides , with palms forward |
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What are regional terms? |
The names of specific body areas |
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What are the fundamental divisions of the body? |
The axial and appendicular regions |
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What is the axial region? |
It makes up the main axis of the body, consists of the head , neck and trunk |
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What is the trunk of the body divided into? |
Thorax (chest) , abdomen and pelvis |
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What does the appendicular region of the body consist of? |
- Consists of limbs , which are also called appendages or extremities |
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Name all the parts of the Axial Region |
1. Cephalic (head) ( frontal , orbital, nasal, oral , mental)
2. Cervical (neck)
3. Thoracic ( sternal, axillary, mammary)
4. Pelvic ( inguinal aka groin)
5. Pubic (genital) |
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Name all the parts of Appendicular Region? |
1. Upper Limb ( acromial, brachial (arm) , antecubital, olecranal , forearm, wrist)
2. Manus (hand) (pollex, metacarpal , palmar, digital)
3. Lower Limb ( hip, thigh, patellar, popliteal, leg , calf, fibular or peroneal)
4. Pedal (foot)
( tarsal, calcaneal, metatarsal, digital , plantar, hallux) |
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What is a frontal/ coronal plane? |
Extends vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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What is a transverse / horizontal plane? |
Runs horizontally from right to left , dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
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A transverse section is also called a ? |
Cross section |
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What are sagittal planes? |
vertical-like frontal planes, but divide the body into right to left parts |
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The specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is? |
the median plane or midsagittal plane |
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Sagittal planes , offset from the midline are called? |
Parasagittal |
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What does Superior (cranial) mean? |
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body ; above |
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What does Inferior (caudal) mean? |
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below |
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What does Medial mean? |
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
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What does Lateral mean? |
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
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What does proximal mean? |
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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What does Distal mean? |
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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What does Anterior (ventral) mean? |
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
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What does Posterior (dorsal) mean? |
Toward or at the back of the body |
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What is superficial (external) ? |
Toward or at the body surface |
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What is deep (internal) ? |
Away from the body surface; more internal |
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The skin is ____ to the skeletal muscles? |
Superficial |
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The lungs are ____ to the skin. |
Deep |
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The head is _____ to the abdomen. |
Superior |
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The vertebra is _____ to the heart. |
Posterior |
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The sternum is ______ to the heart. |
Anterior |
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The knee is _______ to the thigh. |
Distal |
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The elbow is ______ to the wrist. |
Proximal |
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The thumb is _____ to the pinky. |
Lateral |
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The heart is _____ to the lungs. |
Medial |
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The intestines are ______ to the liver. |
Inferior |
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Directional terms allow anatomists to describe? |
Location of body structures with precision. |
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The basic structures we share with all other vertebrate animals (birds, cats, rats) include? |
1. The tube-within-a-tube body plan
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
4. Notochord & Vertebrae
5. Segmentation
6.Pharyngeal pouches |
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What is a Tube-within- a tube body plan? |
- The inner tube extends from the mouth to anus and includes respiratory and digestive organs |
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What is Bilateral symmetry? |
- The left half of the body is essentially a mirror image of the right half
(i.e. right & left hands, eyes and ovaries occur in pairs) |
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What is Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord? |
- All vertebrae embryos have a hollow nerve cord running along their back in the median plane
- This cord develops into the brain and spinal cord |
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What is Notochord and Vertebrae? |
- The notochord is a stiffening rod in the back, just deep to the spinal cord
- In humans, a complete notochord forms in the embryo, although it is later quickly replaced by the vertebrae, the bony pieces of the vertebral column or backbone |
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Define Segmentation |
- The "outer tube" of the body shows evidence of segmentation
- Segments are repeating units of similar structure that run from the head along the full length of the trunk |
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In humans, what are evidence of segmentation ? |
1. The Ribs
2. Muscle btwn Ribs
3. Nerves branching off spinal cord
4. Bony vertebral column , with its repeating vertebrae |
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In the embryonic stage, the human pharynx has a set of outpocketings called? |
Pharyngeal pouches |
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Pharyngeal pouches correspond to which vertebrate animal? |
Clefts btwn the gills of fish |
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Pharyngeal pouches give rise to what structures?
Give examples |
- Gives rise to some structures in the head and neck
Ex: Middle Ear cavity (which runs from ear drum to pharynx)
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What are the two large cavities within the body called? |
1. Dorsal cavities
2. Ventral cavities |
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The dorsal cavity is subdivided into what two parts? |
- Cranial cavity: which lies in the skull and encases the brain
- Vertebral Cavity: which runs from the vertebral column to enclose spinal cord , hard bony walls protect organs |
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The ventral cavity is subdivided into what? |
- Thoracic cavity
(surrounded by ribs & muscles of chest wall)
- Abdominopelvic cavity
(surrounded by abdominal walls & pelvic girdle) |
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The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated from each other by? |
The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle used in breathing |
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What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cavity? |
1. Pleural cavity: surrounds lungs, of the two lateral parts
2. Mediastinum: A central band of organs & contains heart
3. Pericardial Cavity: surrounds heart |
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The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into what 2 parts? |
1. Abdominal cavity: contains liver, stomach, kidneys, & other organs
2. Pelvic Cavity: contains the bladder , some reproductive organs & rectum. |
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Abdominopelvic cavity and Pelvic cavity are? |
Continous with each other and are not separated by an muscular or membranous partition. |
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Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by? |
Peritoneal Cavity |
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What are the three serous cavities, in the Ventral Cavity? |
1. Pleural Cavity
2. Pericardial Cavity
3. Peritoneal Cavity |
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Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity and Peritoneal cavity are lined by? |
- these slitlike cavities are lined by thin membranes:
1. Parietal serosae
2. Visceral serosae |
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What does serosae produce? |
a thin layer of lubricating fluid that decreases friction between moving organs |
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The radius is _____ to the ulna |
Lateral |
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The number of bones in the appendicular skeletion ? |
126 bones |
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The number of bones in the Axial skeleton? |
180 bones |
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Total of Axial and Appendicular Skeleton? |
206 bones |
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Does the adult vertebral column have more or less vertebrae than the embryonic column? |
LESS |
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In anatomical position, the metacarpal II is _____ is metacarpal III ? |
Lateral |
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The heart is _____ to the diaphragm. |
Superior |
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The shoulder is _____ to the elbow. |
Proximal |
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The vertebral region is ____ to the scapular region. |
Medial |
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In anatomical position, the thumb is _____ to the index finger |
Lateral |
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The toes are _____ to the heel. |
Anterior |
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Inner tube (I) or outer tube (O) ?
1. Intestines
2. Lungs
3. Backbone
4. Abdominal muscles |
1.Intestines = Inner tube
2. Lungs = Inner tube
3. Backbone = outer tube
4. Abdominal Muscles = outer tube |
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Is spinal cord , inner or outer tube? |
Outer tube |
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Which cavity contains the heart, lungs and digestive organs? |
Ventral Cavity |
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The Visceral Pericardium covers? |
Covers the surface of the heart |
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The Parietal pericardium forms? |
The outer lining of Pericardium |
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What is the parietal pleura line? |
It lines the wall of the thoracic cavity |
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Visceral peritoneum , covers the ? |
covers the outer surface of small intestine |