Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology

science of structure

relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart)

imaging techniques

science of body functions

Structure follows function or other way around ?

general forms & superficial markings

concerned with areas of the body

concerned with organ systems

concerned with embyology

description based on subspecialty

feel body surface with hands

pulses and breathing rates

listen to body sounds witj stethscope

abnormal fluid in lungs

tap on body surface and listen to echo

air/fluid in lungs & organ size

study of cell structures

200 diff types of cells

study of tissues (groups of specialzed cells that work together to perform a specific function)

function of cells

study of how an organism functions

function of specific organs

functions of specific organ systems

studies the effects of disease on organ & organ systems

atomic and molecular level

smallest living unit of the body

group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task

epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve

grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function

collection of related organs with a comone function

sometimes an organ id part of more than one system

one living individual

chemical level atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level cells are made up of molecules

tissue level- tissue consist of similar types of cells

organ level- organs are made up diff types of tissues

organ system level- consists of different organs that work together closely

Hair, skin, nails

protection

heat regulation

sensory input

support

protection

mineral storage

blood cells prod

locomotion

organ protection

organ support

heat generation

Homeostasis

direct response to stimuli immediately

homeostasis by directing slow, large, long term change in target organs

functional changes associated with Growth & Maturation

Distributes nutrient's, gases, minerals & hormones

distributes heat

removes waste

immunological defense

Return tissue fluid to blood to the bloodstream

oxygen for body

carbon dioxide removal

sound for communication

breaks down food into absorbable unites

eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

eliminates nitrogenous wastes

regulates` blood volume pH and ion concentrations

Perpetuation of species

production of hormones for secondary sexual characteristics

skin produces vitamin D needed for calcium absorption and bone growth

bone marrow produces cells which help resist function

pancreas produces enzymes for digestion, and also hormones as part of the endocrine system

1) Responsiveness - responses changes in environment

2) Adaptability- ability to change behavior or structure

3) Growth & Development- based on genetic plan

4) Reproduction- perpetuation of species

5) Mov't & Location- of organism or within organism

6) Respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

7) Circulation- movement of fluids throughout an organism

8) Digestion- chemical breakdown and absorption of nutrients

9) Excretion- elimination of chemical waste products.

the internal environment remains distinct from external environment

cellular env- accomplished by plasma membranes

Organismal level- accomplished by the skin

with in cells

outside cells

tissue fluid= interstitial fluid

fluid portion of blood=intravascular

cerebral spinal fluid

change as substances move between compartments

nutrients, oxygen, ions, and wastes move in both directions across capillary walls

intrinsic (cells release chemicals to dilate blood vessels if oxygen drops)

insulin helps maintain blood glucose level within narrow rang 80-120mg/100ml

fast acting short lived

slow acting but long lasting

maintain the internal environment with physiological limits despite dangerous, unpredictable environmental changes

intrinsic

cells release chemicals to dilate blood vessels if oxygen decreases`

insulin helps maintain blood glucose level within narrow range 80-120mh/100 ml

fast acting short lived

(pain)

slow acting but long lasting

(puberty)

external stimuli & internal stimuli

intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen

psychological stresses

exercise result in chemical changes

usually mild & temporary

diseases process, death may result

sensory receptors detect change in a monitored variable

nervous system and/or endocrine system responds

exercise increases blood CO2 levels

sensory receptors detect change

nervous system increases heart and breathing rates to remove excess CO2

adrenal gland releases epinephrine to increase heart and breathing rates

monitors a controlled condition

determines next action (integration)

receives directions from the control center

produce a response that change the controlled condition

original stimulus revere

most feedback systems in the body are negative

used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

body temperature, blood sugar levels , blood pressure

original stimulus intensified

seen during normal childbirth

pressor recepors in walls of certain arteries detect increase in BP

brain receives input and signals heart and blood vessels

heart rate slows and arterioles dilate (increase in diameter)

BP returns to normal

- force of blood on walls of vessels

stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the brain

Brain release hormone (oxytocin) into bloodstream

Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully

More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc

Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stetch

abnormality of function

homeostatic imbalance with distinct

changes in body function

changes In body function that can be observed such

as rash or fever

skill of distinguishing one fisease from anoter

how disease is transmitted

uss of drugs to treat disease

standardized position from which to describe directional terms

standing up right

facing the observers

Greek or Latin root word

a plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body

a section is one of 2 surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it

divides the body or an organ into left and right sides

produces equal halves

produces unequal halves

divides the body or organism into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions

some combination of 2 other planes

towards the head

the eyes are superior to the head

away from the head

the stomach is inferior to the heart

at the back of the body

the brain is posterior to the forehead

at the front of the body

the sternum if anterior to the heart

nearer to the midline of the body

the heart lies medial to the lungs

laying face down

farther from the midline of the body

the thumb is on the lateral side of the hand

laying face up

near to the attachment of the limb to the trunk

the knee is proximal to the ankle

farther from te attachment of the limb to thr trunk

the wrist is distal to the elbow

the heart lies medial to the lungs

thumb lies lateral to the pinky

the knee is distal to the groin

the head is superior to the torso

the elbow is Proximal to the hand

the mouth is inferior to the eyes

the organs deep to the skin

near dorsal surface of body

Meninges line dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity

Vertebral or spinal canal

holds the brain

formed by skull

contains the spinal cord

formed by vertebral column

near ventral surface of body

thoracic cavity above the diaphragm

abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm

large, dome-shaped muscle

organs called viscera

organs in ventral body cavity covered with serous membrane

inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm

encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis

encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle

divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum

Mediastinum contains all thoracic cavity organs except lungs

midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not open to the outside

reduces friction

parietal layer lines walls of cavities

visceral layer covers visceral within cavities

visceral pleura clings to surface of the ling

parietal pleura lines chest wall

parietal peritoneum- serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall