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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ___________________ portion of the respiratory system performs homeostatic functions. |
Respiratory |
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The ___________________ portion of the respiratory system performs the mechanisms for breathing andother associated functions with the respiratory system. |
Conducting |
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Phonation |
the production or utterance of speech sounds. |
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Name and describe the three main processes of respiration. |
•Ventilation •Process of moving air into and out of the lungs; includes inspiration andexpiration •External Respiration •Sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the blood and theexternal environment •Internal Respiration •Sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the blood and theextracellular fluid |
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Parts of upper respiratory tract |
•Nasal cavity •Pharynx |
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Parts of lower respiratory tract |
•Larynx •Epiglottis •Vocal cords •Trachea •Bronchi •Lungs •Bronchioles •Alveoli |
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Purpose of warming the air |
So alveoli aren't damaged |
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Purpose of humidifying the air |
so epithelium does not dry out |
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Purpose of filtering the air |
Filter foreign materials |
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Discuss the pathophysiology behind cystic fibrosis. |
•CFTR channel malfunctions •Decrease in the amount of saline layer •Cilia are trapped in thick mucous •Mucous doesn’t move and expelpathogens •Leads to infections |
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How do bronchi differ from bronchioles anatomically? |
•Bronchi: Incomplete rings of cartilage,PCCE, and smooth muscle •Bronchioles: No cartilage, simple columnaror simple cuboidal E, thick layerof smooth muscle |
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The SNS causes ______________________ and the PSNS causes ___________________. |
Bronchodialation; Bronchoconstriction |
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How do CO2 and histamine affect airway resistance? |
Relaxation of mucles; Increase radius |
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Airways are relaxed by ___________ binding to ________ receptors. |
Epinephrine; Beta 2 |
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List the structures air must flow through starting at the nasal cavity and ending with the alveoli. |
Nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchioles, aveoli) |
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Type ____ alveoli perform gas exchange. |
I |
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Type ____ alveoli secrete pulmonary surfactant. |
II |
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What is the role of pulmonary surfactant? |
Its main function is to reduce the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung. |
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The specific site gases diffuse in the alveoli is called the ___________________. |
Respiratory membrane (O2 moves to blood CO2 to lungs |
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Why is the pulmonary blood pressure lower than systemic BP? |
Because they don't pump as hard |
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How does the low hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vessels affect filtration and absorption? |
Decreased hydrostatic pressure > Decrease filtration > Increase absorption to help with gas exchange |
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How would left sided heart failure affect hydrostatic pressure? |
Slowly suffocate because of fluid in lungs |
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Boyle's law |
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Increase volume, decreased pressure |
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Dalton's law |
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of all gases in themixture |
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Intrapleural |
Pressure between the pleural membranes at rest -4 *always less than intra-alveloar Pressure Always negative |
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Intra-alvelolar |
Pressure in the alveoli |
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Transpulmonary pressure |
Difference between intra-alveloar and intrapleural pressures *helps maintain alveolar inflation Healthy lung is +4 |
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Discuss what a pneumothorax is and how it can be treated. |
Collapsed lung Treatment: Chest tube (pull air out & reinflate |
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During inhalation, what happens to the diaphragm? |
Pulls down |
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During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm |
Recoils |
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During inhalation, what happens to chest cavity volume? |
Increase |
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During inhalation, what happens to pressure in alveloli |
Decreases |
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During inhalation, air flows ______ of the lungs. |
In |
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During inhalation, is it active or passive transport? |
Active |
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During exhalation, what happens to chest cavity volume |
Decrease |
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During exhalation, what happens to pressure in alveoli |
Increase |
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During exhalation, air flows ______ of the lungs |
Out |
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Is exhalation active or passive? |
Can be both |
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Discuss how alveolar ventilation differs from pulmonary ventilation and WHY there is a difference. |
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Inspiration and expiration are active |
Hyperpnea |
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Includes diaphragmatic and costal breathing |
Eupnea |
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Accessory muscles involved |
Hyperpnea |
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Inspiration active, expiration passive |
Eupnea |
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Quiet breathing |
Eupnea |
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Lung volumes can be measured using a ________________. |
Spirometer |
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Tidal volume (TV) |
The amount of air you breathe inand out when breathing normally |
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
Amount of air you can breathe inafter a normal inhalation |
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
Amount of air you can breatheout after a normal exhalation |
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Residual volume (RV) |
The amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling as much as possible |
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Vital capacity (VC) |
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled from the lungs |
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Total lung capacity (TLC) |
Total amount of air in the lungs after you take as deep a breath as possible |
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Forced vital capacity (FVC) |
Volume of air a person can forcibly and maximally exhale after taking a deep breath |
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Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) |
Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in the first second of an exhale |
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Compliance |
Measure of the effort that has to go into stretching the lungs |
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Elastance |
Ability to resist being deformed (elastic recoil) |
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How do compliance and elastance relate to each other? |
Oppose each other Compliance decreases as elastance increases Compliance increases as elastance decreases |
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Why are pulmonary function tests used? |
Used to determine if a person has an obstructive it restrictive disease |
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What is an obstructive disease? |
Individual has difficulty exhaling air from lungs, due to damage or narrowing of airways Ex. Asthma, bronchitis, or COPD |
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What are restrictive airway disease? |
Individual has difficulty expanding the lungs to fill with air, usually caused by increasing stiffness in lung tissue or weakness of chest muscles Ex. Pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema and TB |
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What regulates ventilation? |
1. Emotions and Voluntary control 2. CO2 3. O2 and pH All three trigger respiratory muscles to increase or decrease respiration rate |
