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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circulatory system includes:
cardiovascular system includes: |
heart, blood vessels, and blood
heart and blood vessels |
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pulmonary circuit is on what side of the heart?
systemic circuit is on what side of the heart? |
right side (carries blood to the lungs for oxygen)
left side (supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues and organs) |
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Where is the heart located?
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between the lungs in the mediastinum
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Base?
Apex? |
broad superior part of the heart
inferior end of the heart |
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List the 5 layers of the heart
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1. Parietal pericardium (fibrous, serous)
2. Pericardial cavity 3. Visceral pericardium (epicardium) 4. Myocardium 5. Endocaridum |
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Interatrial septum separates what?
Interventricular septum separates what? |
right/left atrium
right/left ventricle |
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Where are the pectinate muscles located?
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the right atrium and both auricles
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Where is the trabeculae carneae?
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in both ventricles
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the mitral valve is also called the
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bicuspid valve
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What are the cords that hold the AV valves shut?
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chordae tendineae with the papillary muscles
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What valves let the blood in/out of the heart?
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Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valve
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What is coronary circulation?
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the blood vessels of the heart wall
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What do the LCA and RCA branch off of?
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branches off the ascending aorta
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____ is the sudden death of heart tissue from lack of blood
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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atheroma
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fatty deposits and blood clots
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arterial anastomoses
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when two blood vessels meet to provide an alternative route
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angina pectoris
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chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow
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List some characteristics of cardiocytes
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striated, short, thick, branched cells, one nucleus, intercalated disks
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electrical junctions (gap junctions)
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allows ions to flow between cells, can stimulate neighbors
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fibrosis
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repairs damaged cardiac muscles
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Sinoartrial node (SA)
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pacemaker of the heart, initiates each heart beat
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Atroventricular node (VA)
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located near the right AV valve, it is the electrical gateway to ventricles
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AV bundle
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pathways for signals from AV node
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Purkinje fibers
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spreads the electrical impulses to the myocardium
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Sympathetic nerves does what to the heart rate? and where does it come from?
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raises it; from the cardiac plexus through the cardiac nerves
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Parasympathetic nerves does what to the heart rate? and where does it come from?
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slows it; from the medulla oblongata, through the vagus nerve
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Systole is?
Diastole is? |
contraction
relaxation |
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What is arrhythmia?
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abnormal cardiac rhythm
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What is sinus rhythm?
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normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node
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What is the nodal rhythm?
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if the SA node is damaged, the heart rate is set by AV node
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atrial flutter or fibrillation
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beating at 200-400x a minute
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premature ventricular contractions (PCVs) are caused by?
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stimulant, stress, or lack of sleep
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ventricuilar fibrillation
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serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signals; kills if not stopped quickly
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Depolarizing phase
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contraction; calcium channels open
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Repolarizing phase
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relaxation; potassium channels open
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What is a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, and chest
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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What is the cardiac cycle consist of?
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one complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart
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Quiescent period
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all four chambers are relaxed at the same time
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Auscultation
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listening to sounds made by the body
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S1
S2 S3 |
closure of AV valves
semilunar valves rarely heard in people |
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1. ventricular filling
2. isovolmetric 3. ventricular ejection 4. isovolumetric relaxation |
are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle
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_____ is the result of either ventricle to eject blood effectively
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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Left ventricular heart failure is what?
Right ventricular heart failure is what? |
blood backs up in the lungs causing pulmonary edema
blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic edema |
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cardiac output (CO) is what?
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the amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute
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cardiac reserve is what
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the difference between a persons maximum and resting cardiac output
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How is the heart rate measured?
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pulse
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Positive chronotropic agents
Negative chronotropic agents |
raise the HR
lower the HR |
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What system modulates the rhythm of the heart beat?
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autonomic nervous system
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The cardioacceleratory center is in the ____ nervous system
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sympathetic nervous
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The cardioinhibitory center is in the ____ nervous system
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parasympathetic
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What do proprioceptors do?
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location awareness, inform cardiac center about changes in activity, HR increases before metabolic demands arise
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What do baroreceptors do?
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pressure sensors in the aorta and internal carotid arteries that send negative feedback signals to the cardiac center
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What do chemoreceptors do?
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negative feedback loops that are sensitive to blood, pH, CO2, and oxygen; located in the aortic arch, carotid arteries, and MO
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Increasing calcium or potassium will do what to the heart rate?
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increase HR
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Hyperkalemia?
Hypocalcemia? |
excess potassium
deficiency of calcium |
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____ stimulates the heart
3 examples |
Drugs
1. caffeine 2. nicotine 3. thyroid horomone |
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What 3 factors govern stoke volume?
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1. preload
2. contractility 3. afterload |
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What does the Frank-starling law of the heart say?
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that stroke volume is proportional to the end diastolic volume, OR ventricles eject as much as they receive
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What is preload?
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the amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts
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What does contraction refer to?
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how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload
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Positive inotropic agents
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increase contractility
(hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, and digitalis) |
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Negative inotropic agents
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decrease contractility
(hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia) |
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What is afterload?
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the pressure in arteries above semilunar valves; opposes the opening of valves
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What is hypertension?
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it increases afterload and opposes ventricular ejection
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What is cor pulmonale?
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right ventricular failure
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_____ is the constriction of the coronary arteries, due to _____
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) |
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Risk factors of CAD
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LDL, males, diet, exercise
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