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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell |
- the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life - Simplest part of making up living things |
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Robert Hooke |
observed “little boxes” that were the remains of dead plant cells → Cork Cells |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
first person to observe living cells (protists) |
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Matthias Schleiden |
all plants are composed of cells |
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Theodor Schwann |
all animals are composed of cells |
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Rudolf Virchow |
all cells come from other cells |
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Cell Theory |
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism 3. Cells only come from the reproduction of existing cells |
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Cellular Basis of Life |
1. Consist of organized parts (cellular organism) 2. Obtain energy from their surroundings - metabolism 3. Perform chemical reactions -metabolism 4. Change with time (grow) 5. Respond to their environment (stimuli) 6. Reproduce 7. Maintain constant internal environment (homeostasis) 8. Share a common history (evolve) |
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Plasma membrane |
outer boundary Structure: - Phospholipid bilayer Function: - Protection/Separation - Regulation of the flow of materials in/out - selectively permeable |
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Cytoplasm |
fluid region within the membrane that includes fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all organelles except the nucleus |
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Cytosol |
part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles but NOT membrane-bound organelles |
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Control center |
area of the cell containing DNA. Usually in the nucleus |
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Prokaryotes |
lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Genetic information contained in nucleoid. |
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Eukaryotes |
organisms made up of one or more cells that have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles |
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Nucleus |
Structure: - jellylike nucleoplasm Function: - houses and protects the cell’s genetic information (DNA) - site where DNA is transcribed into ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Nuclear Envelope |
- The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus - Made up of 2 phospholipid bilayers surrounding the nucleus. - Surface lined with nuclear pores which serve as passageways for RNA and other materials to enter/leave nucleus |
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Nucleolus |
- Denser area of the nucleus - Site where DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA |
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Mitochondria |
Structure: - Made of inner/outer phospholipid membrane - Inner membrane consists of many folds called cristae which contain proteins that carry out energy-harvesting reactions Function: - Transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - ATP ultimately powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions (Hydrolysis of ATP) |
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) |
- Mitochondria have their own DNA and can reproduce only by the division of existing mitochondria - Play a role in the origination of eukaryotic cells (creation of multi-cellular organisms) - Inherited from mother |
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Ribosomes |
Structure - Small, roughly spherical organelles - Do not have a membraneMade up of protein and RNA molecules - Assembly begins in nucleolus and ends in cytoplasm Function: - Protein synthesis - Make Proteins |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
2 types 1. Rough ER 2. Smooth ER Structure: - System of membranous tubes and sacs called cisternae Function: - A path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another - Amount of ER within a cell differs depending on the cell’s activity |
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Rough ER |
- Covered with ribosomes - Produces phospholipids and proteins (on ribosomes) that are exported or inserted |
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Smooth ER |
- NOT covered in ribosomes - Builds lipids and produces steroid hormones. - Releases calcium in skeletal and heart muscle cells |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Structure: - Flattened membranous sacs Function - Receives vesicles from nucleus - Modify vesicle contents |
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Vesicles |
Structure: - Small, spherically shaped sacs surrounded by a single membrane |
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Lysosomes |
Structure: - bud from golgi; contain digestive enzymes |
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Peroxisomes |
Structure: - similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes, not produced by golgi Function: - neutralize detoxify alcohol & drugs |
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Cytoskeleton |
Structure: - A network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross the cytosol 1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate Filaments Functions: - Give structure/shape to cellsAct as tracks for movement within the cell |
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Microtubules |
- Hollow tubes made of protein called tubulin - Hold organelles in place, maintain shape, act as track |
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Microfilaments |
- Long threads of the beadlike protein actin linked end-to-end and wrapped around each other - Contribute to cell movement |
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Intermediate Filaments |
Rod-like structures that anchor the nucleus and other organelles into place |
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Cillia and Flagella |
Structure: - Hair-like structures that extend from surface of the cell short and numerous 9:2 structure Function: - Assist in cell movement Cillia short, present in large numbers Flagella Long single hair like structure |
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Cell Wall |
Structure: - rigid layer that lies outside the membrane - contains cellulose, a carbohydrate embedded in a matrix of proteins and other carbs Function: - Structure/protection - Allow H2O, ions, and some molecules to enter/exit the cell |
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Central Vacuole |
Structure: - Large, fluid-filled organelle - Formed from fusion of smaller vacuoles Function: - stores H2O, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials |
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Plastids |
Structure: - Organelles surrounded by double membraneContain their own DNA Function - Contains specific substances and performs a specific function for the cell |
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Chloroplasts |
Structure: - contain a system of flattened, membranous sacs called thylakoids Function: - Use light E to make carbohydrates from CO2 |
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Chromoplasts |
Contain colorful pigments that may or may not take part in photosynthesis |