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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How has social learning theory contributed to our understanding of human learning?
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S.L. theory is based on a recognition of the importance of observational learning & self regulated learning. Bandura noted that learning through modeling- directly or vicariously- involves 4 phases: paying attention, retaining the modeled behavior, reproducing the behavior & being motivated to repeat the behavior. Bandura proposed that students should be taught to have expectations for their own performances & to reinforce themselves. Meichenbaum proposed steps for self regulated learning that represent a form of cognitive behavior modification.
Behavioral learning theories are central to the application of educational psychology in classroom management, discipline, motivation instuctional models & other areas. Behovioral learning theories are limited in scope, however, in that they describe only observable behavior than can be directly measured. |
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What behaioral learning theories have evolved?
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Early research into learning studied the effects of stimuli on reflexive behaviors. Ivan Pavlov contibuted the idea of classical conditioning, in which neutral stimuli can acquire the capacity to evoke behavioral responses through their association with unconditioned stimuli that trigger reflexes. E.L. Thorndike developed the law of Effect, emphasizing the role of the consequences of present behavior in determining future behavior. B.F. Skinner continued the study of the relationship between behavior & consequences. He described operant conditions, in which reinforcers & punishers shape behavior.
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What are some principles of behavioral learning?
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Reinforcers increase the frequency of a behavior, punishers decrease its frequency. Reinforcement can be primary or secondary, positive or negative. Intrinsic reinforcers are rewrds inherent in a behavior itself. Extrinsic reinforcers are praise or rewards. Punishment involves weakening behavior by either intoducing aversive consequences or removing reinforcers. The Premack Principle states that a way to increase less-enjoyed activities is to link them to more enjoyed activities.
Shaping through timely feedback on each step of a task is an effective teaching proacice based on behavooral learning theory. Extinction is the weakening & gradual disappearance of behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn. Schedules of reinforcement are used to increase the probability, frequency or persistence of desired behavior. Reinforcement schedules may be based on ratios or intervals & may be fixed or variable. Antecedent stimuli serve as cues indicating which behavoirs will be reinforced or punished. Discrimiation involves using cues to detect differences between stimulus situations, whereas generalization involves responding to similarities between sitiuli, Generalization is transfer is carryover of behaviors learned under one set of conditions to other situations. |
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What is learning?
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learning involves the acquisiton of abilities that are not innate - it depends on experience, including feedback from the environment
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behavioral learning theories
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explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.
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cognitive learning theories
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explanations of learning that focus on mental processes
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learning
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a change in an individual that results from experience
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stimuli
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environmental conditions that activate the senses; the singular is stimulus.
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response
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neutral stimuli
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stimuli that have no effect on a particular response
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conditioned stimulus
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a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after haveing been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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classical conditioning
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the process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response
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Law of Effect
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Thorndike's law stating that an act that is followed by a favorable effect is more likely to be repeated in similar situations; an act that is followed by an unfavorable effect is less likely to be repeated.
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operant conditioning
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the use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior.
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Skinner box
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an apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for observing animal behavior in experiments in operant conditions.
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Premack Principle
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Rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities.
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intrinsic reinforcers
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behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward.
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extrinsic reinforcers
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praise or rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not engage in without them.
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punishment
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unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior.
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presentation punishment
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an aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again.
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aversive stimulus
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an unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape
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removal punishment
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withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that is reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur
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time out
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procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced.
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shaping
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the teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps toward the desired goal
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extinction
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the weakening & eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn
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extinction burst
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the increase in levels of a behavoir in the early stages of extinction
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schedule of reinforcement
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the frequency & predictability of reinforcement
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fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a fixed number of behaviors
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variable-ratio (VR) schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded fowllowing an unpredictable number of behaviors
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fixed-interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time
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variable-interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable amount of time.
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maintenance
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continuation of behavior
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antecedent stimuli
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events that precede behaviors
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cues
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signals as to what behavior(s) will be reinforced or punished.
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discrimination
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perception of & response to differences in stimuli
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generalization
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carry over of behaviors, skills or concepts from one setting or task to another.
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social leaning theory
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learning theory that emphasizes not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought & of thought on action
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modeling
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imitation of other's behavior
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observational learning
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learning by observation & imitation others.
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vicarious learning
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learning based on observation of the consequences of other's behavior.
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self-regulation
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rewarding or punishing one's own behavior
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congitive behavior modification
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procedures based on both behavioral & cognitive priciples for changing one's own behavior by means of self-talk & self-instruction
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