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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The sum of all the chemical processes carried outby living organisms
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Metabolism
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reactions that release energy bybreaking complex molecules into simplerones that can be reused as building blocks
XY X + Y + energy exergonic reaction |
Catabolism
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chemical reactions that result inbuilding new molecules from simpler substances
requires energy (ATP) X + Y + energy XY endergonic reaction needed for growth, repair, reproduction, movement,transport etc. where does the energy come from? |
Anabolism
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Loss of electrons and hydrogen atoms
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Oxidation Reaction
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Gain of electrons and hydrogen atoms
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Reduction Reaction
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obtains energy from light |
Phototroph
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obtains energy by oxidizing simple inorganic substances such as sulfides and nitrites (energy source = inorganic compounds)
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Chemotroph
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Nutritionally deficient mutant that has lost the ability to synthesize a particular enzyme (making of own food by reducing CO2)
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Autotroph
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An organism that uses compounds to produce biomolecules (using ready made organic molecules for food)
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Heterotroph
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proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
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Enzyme
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(1) The substance on which an enzyme acts.
(2) A surface or food source on which a cell can grow or a spore can germinate |
Substrate
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an inorganic ion necessary for function of the enzyme
improves the fit of an enzyme with itssubstrate often a metal ion |
Cofactor
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An organic molecule bound to or loosely associated with an enzyme
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Coenzyme
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Compare/contrast anabolism and catabolismo Which requires energy? Which releases energy?
o What are the uses of each type of reaction? |
Anabolism:- requires energy
- x + y + energy -> xy - endergonic reaction - needed for growth, repair, reproduction, movement, transport Catabolism:- releases energy - xy -> x + y + energy - exergonic reaction - catabolic reactions involve electron transfer |
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What electron carrier molecules are used in metabolism?
o Recognize oxidized and reduced states |
NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide AND FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide Both carriers cyclebetween oxidizedstates: NAD+,FADH and reduced states:NADH, FADH2 |
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How does the structure of ATP allow it to hold so much energy?
o How is ATP used? o How is it made? |
-It has 3 phosphate groups -ATPADP + Pi + energy reaction is reversible ifenergy is inputted into thereaction -It is made via Phosphorylation: the reaction in which Piis added toADP |
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List and recognize the three types of phosphorylation
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1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation:compound-P + ADP compound + ATP
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation:NADH or FADH2 ETC ATP 3. Photosphosphorylation:ATP is formed through a series of light drivenreactions |
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How do enzymes work?
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Catalyze chemical reactions
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Structure of an enzyme
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Protein = apoenzyme; contains the active site which binds substrate
Non-protein = cofactor/coenzyme |
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Function of the cofactor |
Improves the fit of an enzyme with its substrate; often a metal ion
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Function of the coenzyme |
Many are synthesized vitamins; niacin is used to make NAD
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What factors regulate enzyme activity?
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- Temperature, concentration of substrates and products
- pH (small pH changes can alter charges on chemical groups within the enzyme, which may alter an enzymes ability to bind substrate, keep its secondary or tertiary structure) - Enzymatic reactions are subject to chemical equilibrium; an enzyme can only perform so many reactions per second |
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A molecule similar in structure to a substrate can bind toan enzyme’s active site
competes with substrate for the active site (e.g. sulfadrugs prevent bacteria from converting PABA to folicacid) results in enzyme activity slowed or stopped |
Competitive Inhibition
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attach to the enzyme at an allosteric site (a site otherthan the active site)
noncompetitive inhibitors distort the tertiary proteinstructure and alter the shape of the active site |
Noncompetitive inhibition |
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Three types of bacterial metabolism ESSAY |
(3 ways to extract energy (make ATP) from glucose:
1. Gycolysis 2. Fermentation 3. Respiration (glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain) |
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Glycolysis:
o How many net ATP are produced? o What are the products? o Where does this occur in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes? |
The metabolic pathway to begin breakdown of glucose
- 2 ATP are produced - Products are 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, ATP - glycolysis occurs in the cytosol |
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Fermentation:
o Two major types of fermentation? o Which organisms use each type? o What is the purpose of fermentation? o What are the products of each type of fermentation? |
-One process by which pyruvate is metabolized in theabsence of oxygen
- Homolactic acid fermentation: pyruvate is converteddirectly to lactic acid Alcoholic fermentation: carbon dioxide is releasedfrom pyruvate and reduced to ethanol (common in yeast) -Fermentation purpose: Results from the need to recycle the limited amount of NAD passing the electrons of reduced NAD to other molecules -product of homolactic acid fermentation: Lactic acid product of alcoholic fermentation: ethyl alcohol and CO2 |
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Aerobic Respiration:
o Three phases of aerobic respiration Location of each phase in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Products of each phase |
Aerobic respiration- oxygen is terminal electron acceptor; begins with glycolysis, end product is 3 carbon pyruvate
- 1. Glycolysis 2. The Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain -Prokaryotes: in cytoplasm Eukaryotes: Mitochondria in cytoplasm -Glycolyis = pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle = CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP Electron Transport Chain = ATP |
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o What is the total amount of ATP produced from 1 glucose molecule thatcompletes aerobic respiration?
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2 |
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o Understand chemiosmosis
How does it power ATP formation? Which enzyme helps to make ATP? |
Electron transport through the chain creates the hydrogen concentration gradient across the cell membrane
- hydrogens increase in concentration on outside of membrane - creates a hydrogen concentration gradient called the proton motive force -ATP is produced by proton motive force by allowing Hydrogen ion to cross the membrane -ATP Synthase |
