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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Knowledge resides in the person and can be discovered
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Nativist
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This philosopher looks for the essence of general governing principles (beauty), universal truths and the definitions of essences
Truth is inherent in the mind of individuals; thoughts are innate 469-399 BC |
Socrates
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This philosopher proposes the idea of an abstract world and knowledge to be able to define the essence of things
Believes in souls in that rational souls (=mind) are Ideal and must be "recollected" after birth for they are reincarnated |
Plato
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Reasoning from a known principle to an unknown, using logic and reason, not observation
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Deductionism
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What terms describe Plato?
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Dualist (belief in innate knowledge)
Rationalist Deductionist |
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This philosopher believes in the concept of Ideal Forms but claims they reside in physical objects rather than abstract ideals
Perception is transfer of form to mind, concerned with the mental representation of physical objects Inductionist (Based on observation) Nature is teleological (goal-directed) |
Aristotle
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What terms describe Aristotle?
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Inductionist
Empiricism + Rationalism |
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Why was the focus brought back more to humans during the Renaissance?
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God was in Nature
God created humans More corruption in popes who were not local authority to very many Progress of Science important to remember |
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His philosophical belief is that humans are inferior to and part of natural world
Challenges Roman authority Supports Copernicus' heliocentric universe model when discovers 4 moons of Jupiter Contradicts Aristotle's ideas on falling bodies |
Galilieo Galiliei
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Relies on reason as the best guide for belief and action
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Rationalism
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What are terms used to describe Descartes?
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Nativist
Rationalist Dualist Deductionist Cognitivist |
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Philosophical position that all mental activity is cognitive in nature
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Cognitivism
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Nature had to be designed in logically sensible manner, so reason is primary in discovering truths
All objects are made of tiny "corpuscles" whose collisions determine their movement |
Descartes
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What are terms used to describe John Locke?
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Not a Nativist (tabula rasa)
Empiricist Weak Dualist Inductionist Associationist (joining simple ideas) |
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All knowledge is traced to sensory experience which gives rise to simple ideas
Associational processes join simple ideas about objects to form complex, general, and abstract ideas |
John Locke
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When did philosophers become psychologists and why?
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the 19th century when they started measuring mental processes
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First to do many things with psychology and is thought to be the founder of modern psych
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Wundt
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Uses introspection
Catalogs mental events with descriptions, does not seek to explain Studies visual contrast, color mixing, afterimages |
Titchener
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Bereitshaftpotential?
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readiness potential in performance of self-paced voluntary acts
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What was the dependent variable in Libet's article?
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Recorded when finger moved, when S claimed to have made mental decision to move it, and Measurements of electrical activity in the motor cortex act (flicking wrist or finger)
Could they stop the action after their brain showed they intended to perform the motor act? |
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What are the implications of Libet's article?
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Motor Cortex unconsciously decides what action to take, then informs other brain areas which can decide to veto impending action
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This approach aims to understand human cognition by the study of behavior
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Cognitive Psychology
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This approach aims to understand human cognition by combining information from behavior and the brain
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Cognitive neuroscience
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brain-scanning technique based on the detection of positrons emitted by radioactive glucose
Has reasonable spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution Identifies where activity in brain is: Pick's disease, Alzheimer's, language, head injury (brain metabolism) |
Positron emission technology
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This brain-imaging technique is based on imaging blood oxygenation using an MRI machine
Provides info about the location and time course/activity of brain processes Monitors blood and oxygen flow |
fMRI
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Processing in which one process is completed before the next one starts
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Serial processing
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Processing in which two or more cognitive processes occur at the same time
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Parallel processing
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The extent to which experimental findings are applicable to everyday settings
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Ecological validity
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This occurs when the findings obtained with a given paradigm or experimental task are not obtained even when apparently very similar paradigms or tasks are used
Applications are too narrow in scope |
Paradigm specificity
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A groove or furrow in the brain
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Sulcus
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ridges in the brain
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Gyri
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A map of the brain based on variations in the cellular structure of tissues
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Cytoarchitectonic map
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An invasive technique for studying brain function, permitting the study of activity in single neurons
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Single-unit recording
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A device for recording the electrical potentials of the brain through a series of electrodes placed on the scalp
Can be used for diagnosis and feedback: Epilepsy |
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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The pattern of electroencephalograph activity obtained by averaging the brain responses to the same stimulus presented repeatedly
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Event-related potentials (ERPs)
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Blood oxygen-level-dependent contrast; this is the signal that is measured by fMRI
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BOLD
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This is a form of fMRI in which patterns of brain activity associated with specific events are compared
(Correct v. incorrect responses on memory test) |
Event-related functional magnetic imaging
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A non-invasive brain-scanning technique based on recording the magnetic fields generated by brain activity
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Magneto-encephalography (MEG)
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A technique in which magnetic pulses briefly disrupt the functioning of a given brain area, thus creating a short-lived lesion; when several pulses are administered one after the other, it is known as repetitive _________
Measures ability of brain area to perform a task |
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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Uses X-rays to get spatial resolution of the brain
can identify stroke areas |
CT scan
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What makes up the hindbrain?
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Cerebellum
Medulla Reticular Formation |
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Functions of Cerebellum, Medulla, Reticular Formation
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C: coordinates motor activity, posture, maintains equilibrium
M: essential functions such as breathing RT: sleeping, waking, consciousness |
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What makes up the midbrain?
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Substantia nigra which connects brainstem to forebrain, integrating sensory and motor processes
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What makes up the forebrain?
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4 cerebral hemispheres: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal plus thalamus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus collosum
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What are the functions of the forebrain?
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Controls cognitive, sensory and motor function
Temperature regulation, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping Display of emotions |
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Group of energy types that travel as waves and also as particles
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Electromagnetic radiation
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Light is sensed as what versus perceived as what
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wavelength, amplitude, purity
color, brightness, saturation |
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This is determined by which neurons are active, and their pattern of firing
Mapping a stimulus onto neural circuits |
Sensory Coding
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These sense the 400 nm to 700 nm photoreceptor part of the EMR spectrum
Transduce quanta of light to electro-chemical patterns |
Photoreceptors
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These photoreceptors deal with black/white vision as well as gross movement
Reside mostly in periphery |
Rods
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These photoreceptors deal with color vision and fine detail
Reside mainly in fovea |
Cones
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What does convergence do in photoreceptors?
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It improves low light sensitivity: as evident in rod-fed circuits having high convergence, use in dim light; but reduces detail and some info is lost: as evident in cone-fed circuits having low convergence, better at detail
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Physical energy is converted into an electrochemical pattern in the neurons
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Transduction
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Absorption of physical energy
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Reception
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One-to-one correspondence between aspects of the physical stimulus and aspects of the resultant nervous system activity
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Coding
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What happens from eye to cortex with visual info?
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Reception, Transduction, Coding
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What cells are largely concentrated in the fovea?
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Parvocellular
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Where does visual information go after passing through the eye?
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90% to V1 (Primary Visual Cortex)
10% to mid-brain --> parietal lobe |
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This visual system pathway codes for color and fine detail
Most input comes from cones |
Parvocellular pathway
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This visual system pathway codes for motion
Most input comes from rods |
Magnocellular pathway
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"How" stream
Deals with magnocellular pathway and motion processing Goes to the parietal cortex after the V1 |
Dorsal Stream
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"What" stream
Deals with parvocellular pathway and form and color processing Goes to the infero-temporal cortex after the V1 |
Ventral Stream
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What happens if there is damage to V1?
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Leads to cortical blindness
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This assesses shape, form, contours, contrasts, relationships, orientation, movement, color, 3-D vision, spatial arrangements
Associated with Prosopagnosia |
Visual Association cortex (V2) right above V1
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If the temporal lobe is removed, what type of discrimination tasks are more difficult?
Parietal? |
Object discrimination with temporal
Landmark discrimination with parietal |
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a disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family member has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.
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Capgras
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The ability to respond appropriately to visual stimuli in the absence of conscious vision in patients with damage to the primary visual cortex V1
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Blindsight
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Bottom up processing sequence
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Visual stimulus
lower-level processing higher-level processing Knowledge |
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Top down processing sequence
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Start with knowledge, previous experience, to produce/identify the visual stimulus/object
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Separating visual input into individual objects
Thought to occur before object recognition |
Perceptual segregation
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This thought believes brain to be short-circuited by mind to perceive organized holistic forms
Involves ideas regarding mental organization, perception, and top-down processing |
Gestalt School
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Of several geometrically possible organizations that one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest and most stable shape
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The Law of Pragnanz
Fundamental principle of Gestalt |
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Beneficial effect of organization in terms of processing time
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Configural superiority effect
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These provide the best guess solution to a problem, are fast, often correct, subject to biases
mental shortcuts |
Heuristic
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Procedure guaranteed to solve a problem
These are slow but get a definite result |
Algorithm
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What are the 8 Gestalt principles?
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Pragnanz (good figure, simplicity)
Similarity Proximity Closure Symmetry Common Fate Familiarity Continuity |
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Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear meaningful
Griffin picture |
Law familiarity
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Objects appearing to move together are grouped together
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Common Fate
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These are more thinglike, more memorable, "in front of", smaller in Gestalt's theory
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Figures
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These are less formed, less detailed, "behind" in Gestalt's theory
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Ground
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What are the advantages of Gestalt Approach?
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Offers a good description of certain properties of perceptual organization
Many principles have stood test of time It is intuitive |
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What are the limitations of the Gestalt Approach?
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The principles are more descriptive than explanatory, not entirely sufficient
Claim that figure-ground segregation is independent of top-down influence is not supported empirically |
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Vision can be understood as an information processing task which converts a numerical image representation into a symbolic shape-oriented representation
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Marr's computational model
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This model claims we get shapes from images
Is a bottom up theory that can be learned (pigeons) |
Marr's Computational model
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What are the stages of Marr's Computational Model?
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1: Raw Primal sketch
2: 2 1/2 D image/ complete primal sketch 3: 3D representation input to edge to 2 1/2 D to 3D image |
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This stage of Marr's maps light intensity values and makes statements about edges and blobs, locations
Observer-centered/viewpoint dependent Uses averages (without losing detail) of light intensity because of fluctuations |
1: Raw Primal sketch
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This stage of Marr's gets info on depth and orientation using shading, texture and motion by grouping contours and textures within the image
Cannot tell all of spatial info Viewpoint-dependent |
2: 2 1/2 D sketch
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This stage of Marr's describes shapes and their relationships using a modular and hierarchical organization of volumetric and surface primitives
Shapes formed by analyzing cross sections, principle axes, and locating concavities |
3: 3D sketch
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Concentrating on specific environmental features for further processing while deselecting others
Required for cognitive functions: perception, memory, language, problem-solving, etc "Gatekeeper for consciousness" |
Attention
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Exclusion of certain features of the environment
Only certain components are processed |
Selective attention
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What is processed has a capacity and timing
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Limited attention
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Consciously turn your attention to
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Overt attention
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Involuntary, something grabs your attention
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Covert attention
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What do you attend to?
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Physically, socially, cognitively closer to you (local and transient)
Aware of things around you due to object perception |
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Integration of various attributes to form a representation of an object
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Binding
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Model of perception stating that perception occurs in 2 stages that goes with attention
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Featured Integration Theory
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This stage of FIT has a basic "alphabet" of elementary features perceived separately from one another: color, orientation, intensity, curvature, etc; and is automatic and unconscious
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Preattentive stage
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What are the stages of the Featured Integration Theory and what kind of processing does it say we use?
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Object --> Preattentive Stage --> Focused attention stage --> Perception
Bottom up Top down with letters |
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This stage of FIT combines features into objects
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Focused attention stage
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Mixing of features because they are processed but not assigned an object
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Illusory conjunction
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Issue in parietal lobe, due to stroke
Inability to focus attention of individual objects High number of illusory conjunctions reported |
Balint's Syndrome
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Basic progression of Marr's Computational Theory
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Primal Raw Sketch --> 2 1/2 D sketch --> 3D sketch --> Object identification
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This theory defines object identification in terms of geons comprising an alphabet of basic features, and objects are the combinations of such geons
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Biederman's Recognition by Components Model
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What are geons and how many are there?
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Geometric icons that make up all the shapes
36 basic shapes to start from |
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How does Biederman's model develop compared to Marr's?
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36 geons are more complex
In B's only need a 2-D representation compared to 2 1/2 D B doesn't have any view-dependent stages; he states as long as geons can be perceived at angle one is viewing, object will be identified |
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These are more complicated than FIT "alphabet" features.
They are discriminable from each other View invariant - can be identified from many angles |
Geons
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What type of processing does Biederman's RBC theory emphasize and why?
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Bottom up because building up on recognition of different parts of the object invariant of viewpoint
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What are the 5 non-accidental (invariant) properties of edges?
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Curvature
Parallel Cotermination Symmetry - contrast with asymmetry Collinearity |
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This Geon property states aspects of the object remain visible from different viewpoints
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View-invariant properties
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This Geon property states properties of edges in the retinal image correspond with the 3-D environment
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Non-accidental properties
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This perceiver ability deals with the ability to distinguish geons from one another
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Discriminability
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This perceiver ability deals with the ability to recognize an object if we can identify its geons
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Principle of componential recovery
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face blindness, can recognize objects, but can’t recognize faces, even if they’re familiar or their own
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Prosopagnosia
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The inability to recognize objects
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Agnosia
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What are the advantages of Biederman's RBC model?
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There has been good evidence for geons, identifying concavities, and edges being important in object recognition
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What are the limitations of Biederman's RBC model?
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De-emphasizes importance of top-down influences from context, expectations, and knowledge
Much recognition is actually viewpoint dependent Some classes do not have invariant geons but are still apart of a recognizable category |
