Criminal Justice Exam 2

Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the FIRST organized police force in LONDON

In medieval England, groups of men who organized in church or parishes to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable.

E.g. night watch

A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service and decentralized Policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay.

C.A.P.S.

Chicago

Alternative

Policing

Strategy

He created the first university training

-Boston created the first formal U.S. Police Dept. in 1838 (born out of mob violence)

-NYC formed in 1844

The new police department replaced the night watch system and relegated constables and sheriffs to serving court orders and running jails

-Investigates violations of federal law

-Gathers crime statistics

-Runs a comprehensive crime laboratory

-Help train local law enforcement

-Helps control untaxed liquor and cigarettes

-They have jurisdiction over the illegal sale, importation , and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives

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-Nations OLDEST federal law enforcement agency

Their duties:

-Judicial security

-Fugitive investigation

-Witness Security

-Prisoner Services

-Prisoner and Alien transport

-Asset forfeiture program

-Created after 9/11

Three independent branches:

-Customs & Border Protection (CBP)

- Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)

-The Secret Service

Also known as HOT SPOTS, allows departments to identify problem areas for particular crimes, such as drug dealing.

AFIS can classify fingerprints identifying up to 250 characteristics (minutiae) of the print

The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene

*of convicted offenders

Operated by the FBI

CODIS is computerized database that allows DNA taken at a crime scene to be searched electronically to find matches against samples taken from convicted offenders and from other crime scenes

Designated police patrol areas

Maintaining order and authority without the need for formal arrest (handling the situation) keeping things under control by means of threats , persuasion, and understanding.

An aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur.

The role of the police as maintainers of community order and safety.

(Deteriorated housing, unrepaired broken windows, and disorderly behavior gives out crime-promoting signals. Therefore, Police focus on minor crimes in order to prevent the more serious ones.

Police units assigned to enforce morality-based laws, such as those addressing PROSTITUTION, GAMBLING, AND PORNOGRAPHY.

Organized groups of detectives who deceive criminal into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity.

Similar to CAPS

Programs designed to bring police and public closer together and create a more cooperative environment between them

Police patrol that takes officers out of cars and puts them on a walking beat to strengthen ties with the community.

A style of police management that stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting

The relatively few locations-bars malls, the bus depot, hotels and apartment buildings- from which a significant portion of police calls typically originate in metropolitan area.

By focusing on these hot spots, it could appreciably reduce crime.

An effect that occurs when criminals move from an area targeted for increased police presence to another that is less well protected

(e.g., Blue Light cameras)

The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society

A subculture, fraternity, etc

The belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness

Police officers develop a unique set of personality traits that distinguish them from the average citizen

The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to being a hard charging crime fighter

The use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system

-selective enforcement of the law

Decision making by police officers that is not subject to administrative review

e.g., a decision not to arrest someone or not to stop a speeding vehicle

The way a person outwardly manifests his or her personality

-External Stressors

-Organizational Stressors

-Duty Stressors

-Individual Stressors

can be verbal abuse from the public, justice system inefficiency, liberal court decisions that favor the criminal

such as low pay, excessive paperwork, arbitrary rules, and limited opportunity for advancement

such as rotating shifts, work overload, boredom, fear, and danger

such as discrimination, marital difficulties, and personality problems

Actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks and stopping and searching people to harass them

A system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command

The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument, resulting in a high probability of death

Court ruled that deadly force may not used unless it is necessary to prevent escape and the officer has PROBABLE CAUSE to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officer or others

I. Complaint/ Cooperative = verbal commands

II. Resistant/ Passive = contact control

III. Resistant/ Active = Compliance technique

IV. Assaultive/ Bodily harm = Defensive Tactics

V. Assaultive/ Serious bodily harm or death = Deadly Force

An overdose of adrenaline the can occur in heated confrontations with the police

Less Lethal weapons that are used to stun or otherwise incapacitate uncooperative suspects so they can be subdued

*rubber bullets

used for nonlethal shock

police are allowed to look for evidence in an open field which is defined as any unoccupied or undeveloped real property outside the curtilage of a home

The grounds or fields attached to and in close proximity to the house

A legal arrest occurs when:

- Probable cause exist and the officer believes that a crime is being or has been committed

-the officer deprives someone of their individual freedom

-the suspect believes he has lost his liberty

An order, issued by a judge, directing officers to conduct a search of SPECIFIED PREMISES for SPECIFIED OBJECTS

An order, issued by judge, directing officers to arrest a particular individual

Defined as a reasonable belief, based on facts, that a crime has been committed and that the person, place, or object to be searched and /or seized is linked to the crime with a reasonable degree of certainty.

The requirement that a search warrant state precisely where the search is to take place and what items are to be seized

Police units assigned to enforce morality-based laws, such as those addressing prostitution, gambling, and pornograpghy.

(They do not deal with narcotics, alcohol, etc)

The role of the police as maintenance of community order and safety

A style of police management that stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting

The relatively few locations-bars, malls, the bus depot, hotels, and certain apartment buildings from which significant portion of police calls typically originate in metropolitan areas

An effect that occurs when criminals move from an area targeted from increased police presence to another that is less well protected

A mechanism to exchange information and intelligence, maximize resources, streamline operations, and improve the ability to fight crime and terrorism by analyzing data from a variety of sources

The police unit investigates allegations of police misconduct

An effect that occurs when criminals move from an area targeted for increased police presence to another that is less well protected

The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society

External Stressors, such as verbal abuse from the public

Organizational Stressor, such as low pay, excessive paperwork

Duty Stressors, such as rotating shifts, work overload, etc

Individual Stressors, such as discrimination, marital difficulties