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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
dualistic fallacy
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the assumption that a population has two mutually exclusive subclasses, such as criminals and noncriminals
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victomology
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the discipline that studies the nature and causes of victimization. also programs for assisting victims and preventing victimization.
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dark figures of crime
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is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime, which calls into question the reliability of official crime statistics.
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restorative justice
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an approach that provides both adluts and juveniles. designed to restore crime victims and the community,that is to provide justice for them.
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transitions
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short term events such as a first job or even a first marriage
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aggravated assult
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a threat to commit an immediate, offensive, and unauthorized touching, injury or death with sometimes with a deadly weapon.
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assult
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threat to commit an immediate offensive and unauthorized touching
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battered spouse syndrome
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the cycle of abuse by a special person often a parent or a spouse. if the battered person kills the alleged baterer, some jurdistictions will admit evidence of the battered person syndrome as a defense to that killing.
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Battery
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unauthrorized touching which.
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domestic violencea
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violence within the family or other close associations.
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felony murder
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doctrine used to hold a defendant liable for murder if a human life is taken during commission of another felony.
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hate crimes
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defined in the federal criminal code as crimes that manifest based on race, sexuality or religion.
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involuntary manslaughter
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reckless while comitting an unlawful act such as driving while intoxicated.
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manslaughter
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unlawful killing of a human being by a person who lacks malice in the act.
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nonneligent manslauhter
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The willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another
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rape shield
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the type of statue aimed at the protection of evidence in a sexual assult or rape.
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stalking
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-course conducted directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity.
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usa patriot act
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law enacted after september 11th. inorder to provice tools for combating and intercepting terroism.
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voluntary manlauther
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an intentional killing committed in the heat of passion.
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year and a day rule
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common law requiring that for a murder charge. death must occur one day and one year from the time of the crime.
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terriorism
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violent acts or the use of the threat of violence to create fear, alarm, dread, or coercion against the government.
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career criminals
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person who commits crimes over an extended period of time.
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cybercrime
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crime that involves the internet
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cyberstalking
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stalking by use of computer
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grand larceny
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a felony involving the theft of property or money over a specified amount.
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petit larceny
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involves smaller amounts or values.
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selective incapacitation
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the selection of certain offenders. the serious is for incarciation
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identity-threat
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stealing individual social security number or other important information.
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antitrust laws
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state and federal laws to protect from price fixing, price discrimination and monopolies.
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money laundering
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hiding the existence illegal use or illegal source of income and making it appear that the income was obtained legally.
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racketeering
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an organized conspiracy to attempt or to commit extortion or coericion.
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syndicate
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a group of persons who oranize for purpose of carrying out matters of mutual interest. often associated by illegal activites.
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boot camps
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correctional facilities designed to detain offenders ,primarily juveniles or young adults.
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community work service
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an approach to punishment that stresses the reintergration fo the offender into the community.
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diversion
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a practice that removes offenders from criminal justice systems and channels them into other agencies such as social welfare.
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halfway house
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a pre-release center used to help an inmate in changing from prison life to community life.
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reintegration
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a philosophy of punishment that focuses on returning the offender to the community with restored education.
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shock incarceration
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the incarceration of a person for a brief period prior to release on probation or other type of supervision.
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work release
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an authorized absence from a jail, prison or other penal facilty that allows a prisoner gain a job..
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hands off doctrine
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a doctrine embraced by federal courts to justify the non intervention in the administration of correctional facilities.
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deprivation model
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a model of prisonization based on the belief that the prison subculture arises from inmates adapting to sever physical and pshycological losses by being incarceration.
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importation model
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a model of prizonation based on the imate subculture if they do arise. both internal and external patterns of behavior.
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incarceration
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confinement in a jail, a prison, or other penal facility as a form of punishment for a criminal act.
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prisonization
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the process by which a prsion inmate assimilates the customs norms, values and of prison life.
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reformatory
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correctional facility that is less secure than a prison of penitentiary. has the goal of rehabilitation of offenders
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transportation
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historically,deporting criminals to other countries as punishment
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