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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Developmental science |
A field of study devoted to understanding consistency and change throughout the lifespan |
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Theory |
is an orderly, integrated set of statements the describes, explains , and predicts behavior |
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Continuous |
a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with |
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discontinuous |
a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge are specific times |
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stages |
qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development |
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contexts |
unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change |
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nature VS. Nurture |
are genetic or environmental factors more important |
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Plasticity |
throughout life-as life open to change in response to influential experiances |
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lifespan perspective |
four assumptions make up this broader view: that development is (1) lifelong (2) multidimensional and multidirectional (3) highly plastic (4)affected by multiple, interacting forces |
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resilience |
The ability to adapt effectively in the fact of threats to development |
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age-graded influences |
events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last |
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history-graded influences |
explain why people born around the same time - called a cohort - tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times |
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nonnormative influances |
events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable |
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Normative approach |
which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-relates averages are computed to represent typical development |
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psychoanalytic perspective |
people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. how these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety |
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psychosexual theory |
which emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development |
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psychosocial theory |
Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands , the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society |
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behaviorism |
directly observable events - stimuli and responses - are the appropriate focus of study |
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Social learning theory |
the most influential, devised by Albert Bandura (1945-), emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observation learning , as a powerful source of development |
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behavior modification |
consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable response |
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Cognitive-developmental theory |
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world |
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information processing |
the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system though which information flows - a perspective |
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developmental cognitive neuroscience |
bring together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns |
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ethology |
concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. |
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sociocultural theory |
focuses on how culture - the value beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group - is transmitted to the next generation. according to Vygotsky, social interaction- in particular, cooperative dialouges with more knowledgeable members of society- is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture. |
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ecological system theory |
views the person as a developing with in a complex system of reviews the person as developing withing a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surroundingenviornment |
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Microsystems |
innermost level of the environment, consists of activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surrounding |
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mesosystem |
second level of Bronfernbrenner's model, encompasses connections between microsystems |
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exosystem |
consists of social setting that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in imediate |
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macrosystems |
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources |
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Chronosystem |
Bronfenbrenner called the temporal dimension of his model. life changes can be imposed externally or, alternatively, can arise from within the person, since individuals select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences. |
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naturalistic observation |
one approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest |
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structured observations |
in which the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of intrests so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response |
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clinical interview |
researchers use a flexible, conversation style to probe for the participant's point of view |
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Clinical, case study, method |
brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores |
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ethnography |
like the clinical method, ethnographic research is a descriptive, qualitative technique. but instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation |
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Correlation design |
researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their behavior or development |
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correlation coefficient |
a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other |
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random assignment |
participants are placed into treatment conditions by using an unbiased procedure, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin, investigators increase the chance that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed |
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cross-sectional design |
groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time |
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sequential design |
in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies |
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Chromosomes |
rod like structures which store ad transmit genetic information |
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DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid) |
chemical substance that makes up chromosomes. |
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gene |
is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome |
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Mitosis |
the process in which DNA is duplicated |
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Gametes |
Sex cells such as sperm and ovum. have half the chromosomes normally found in the human body |
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Meiosis |
the process of cell division in which gametes are formed. |
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Zygote |
when the sperm and ovum unite at conception resulting in a full cell |
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Autosomes |
22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs (non-sex chromosomes) |
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Sex chromosomes |
the twenty - third chromosome that gives a perons their sex. XX girl XY boy |
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fraternal, dizygotic twin |
most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from release and fertilization of two ova |
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identical, monozygotic twins |
a zygote that has started to duplicate seperates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals with the same genetic makeup |
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allele |
two forms of each gene at the same place of the chromosome, one from each parent |
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homozygous |
if both alleles are the same |
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heterozygous |
the two alleles are different |
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dominant - recessive inheritance |
only when one of the genes affect the child's characteristics . |
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dominant |
has an effect on the characteristics of the child |
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recessive |
has no effect on the child's characteristics |
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carriers |
heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele can pass that trait on to their children |
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incomplete dominance |
patterns of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two. |
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x-linked inheritance |
when an allele is carried by the x chromosome, males are more likely to be affect becausr of their sex chromosomes do not match |
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genomic imprinting |
alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, so that one pair member is actived, regardless of its makeup |
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mutation |
a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA |
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polygenic inheritance |
in which many genes influence the characteristics in question |
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genetic counseling |
is a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals |
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prenatal diagnostic methods |
procedures that permit detection of developmental problems befor birth |
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co-parenting |
mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors |
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socioeconomic status(SES) |
relates years of education, the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status, and income, which measures economic status |
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subcultures |
groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger community |
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Extended family households |
is where 3 or more generations live together |
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collectivist societies |
people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals |
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individualistic societies |
people think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs |
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public policies |
laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions |
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behavioral genetics |
is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities |
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heritability estimates |
measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specfic population are due to genetic factors |
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kinship studies |
which compare the characteristics of family members |
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gene-environment interaction |
which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ their responsiveness to qualities of the environment ( people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiances. |
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canalization |
the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes |
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gene-environment correlation |
our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed
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niche-picking |
the tendency to actively choose environments that completement out heredity |
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Epigenesis |
means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment |
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implantation |
happens between day 7 and 9. the blastocysts burrow deep into the uterine lining |
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amnion |
enclosed the developing organism in the amnionic fluid which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the women's movement
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chrion |
which surrounds rhe amnion. tiny hairlike villi, or blood vessels emerge |
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placenta |
brings the mother and embryo's blood closer together. permits food and oxygen to reach the organism abd waste products to be carried away. |
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umbilical cord |
first appears as a tiny stalk and during the course of pregnancy, grows to full length o 1 to 3 feet. contains one large vein a\that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries to carry away waste |
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embryo |
lasts from implantations through the eighth week of pregnancy. during these brief six weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structure and internal organs. |
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neural tube |
a primitive spinal cord made from the ectoderm |
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fetus |
from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy. this is the longest prenatal period. growth and finishing phase, the organism increases rapidly in size |
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trimesters |
three equal time periods during pregnancy |
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vernix |
white cheeselike substance protects the skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. |
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lanugo |
white downy hair appears over the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin |
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age of viability |
the point at which the baby can first survive, between and weeks |
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teratogen |
refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period |
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Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) |
a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure |
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fetal Alcohol syndrome |
distinguished by, slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, an indentation running from te tip of the nose to the center of the upper lip, and brain injury evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning ( memory, language, and communication) |
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partial fetal alcohol syndrome(p-FAS) |
characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities, brain injury evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. mothers drank alcohol in smaller quantities and children's defects vary with he timing and length of alcohol exposure |
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alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) |
in which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth nd absence of facial abnormalities, prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed is less pervasive than FAS
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RH factor incompatibility |
when mother is RH- and the father is RH+ the baby may inherit father's RH+ blood type. if even a little of a fetus is positive blood crosses the placenta into mother bloodstream, she forms antibodies that can potential hurt / kill the fetus. |
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Apgar Scale |
a scale used to assess the newborn's physical condition |
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natural or prepared childbirth |
group of techniques aimed t reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience |
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anoxia |
inadequate oxygen supply |
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breech position |
turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first |
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fetal monitors |
electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor |
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cesarean delivery |
birth is surgical |
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preterm infants |
those born several weeks or more before their due dates |
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small for date infants |
are below the expected weight considering length of the pregnancy `` |
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infant mortality |
the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 births in an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nation's children |
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reflex |
is an inborn automatic response to particular forms of stimulation |
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states of arousal |
f sleep and wakefulnessdegres o |
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Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM) |
is remarkably similar to that of the waking state brain wave activity. the eyes dart beneath the lid, heart rate, blood pressure and breathing is uneven, and slight body movement occurs |
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non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) |
THE BODY IS ALMOST MOTIONLESS AND HEART RATE, breathing and brain wave activity are slow and even |
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Sudden infant death syndrome |
the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation |
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visual acuity |
fitness of discrimination |
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neonatal behavioral assesment scale (NBAS) |
evaluates the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli and other reactions. |