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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The digestive system takes in _____, breaks it down physically and ________ into nutrient molecules and absorbs the ____________ into the bloodstream. |
food, chemically, nutrients |
|
tongue tied |
extremely short frenulum |
|
cardioesophageal sphincter |
through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus |
|
pyloric phincter/valve |
terminal part of the stomach is continuous with the small intestine |
|
Besides the usual longitudinal and circular muscle layers, its wall contains a third, obliquely arranged layer in the _________ _________. |
muscularis externa |
|
Along with the physical breakdown of food, _________ breakdown of proteins begins in the stomach. |
chemical |
|
What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach? |
glucose, simple sugars, amino acids, fat soluble substances |
|
What are the ingredients of gastric juice? |
pepsin, hydrochloric acid |
|
What is the end product of food processing in the stomach? |
chyme |
|
The small intestine is __ to __ feet. |
7-13 |
|
divisions of the small intestine |
duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
duodenum |
"twelve finger widths long" |
|
jejunum |
"empty" |
|
ileum |
"twisted intestine" |
|
The _____ _______ controls food movement into the small intestine from the stomach and prevents the small intestine from being overwhelmed. |
pyloric sphincter |
|
Nearly all food absorption occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine is well suited for its function. Its wall has three structures that increase the absorptive surface tremendously - _____, _____ and ______ _______. |
microvilli, villi, circular folds |
|
microvilli |
tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy appearance |
|
What does the material that is passed to the large intestine mainly consist of? |
indigestible food, large number of bacteria |
|
The large intestine is about ___ feet. |
5 |
|
The large intestine's major functions are to ____ ____ the indigestible food residue by absorbing _____ and to eliminate these residues from the body as feces. |
dry out, water |
|
What are the functions of the resident bacteria in our large intestines? |
produce large amounts of vitamins (K, B), produces gas |
|
defecation reflex |
when feces are forced into the rectum by mass movements and its wall is stretched |
|
diarrhea |
watery stools result from any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the water |
|
constipation |
if food residue remains in the large intestine for extended periods, too much water is absorbed, and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass |
|
constipation may result from |
a lack of fiber, poor bowel habits, laxative abuse |
|
What is the function of goblet cells? |
produce alkaline mucus, mucus acts as a lubricant to ease the passage of feces to the end of the digestive tract |
|
digestive functions of the pancreas |
produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods, it produces the hormones insulin and glucagon |
|
What does pancreatic juice contain? |
pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, lipases, nucleases, rich supply of bicarbonate |
|
What is the liver's digestive function? |
produce bile |
|
Describe the function of the gallbladder? |
stores bile and removes water to create a concentrated bile |
|
What is the role of bile? |
bile salts emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones which provides more surface area for the fat-digesting enzymes to work on |
|
What causes jaundice from a physiological standpoint? |
bile pigments circulate through the body |
|
Where is saliva produced? |
salivary glands |
|
What is saliva's purpose? |
mucus moistens and helps to bind food together in a bolus which makes chewing and swallowing easier, clear serous portion contains salivary amylase begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth, it also inhibits bacteria which protects |
|
How many deciduous teeth do children have by the age of 2 years? |
20 |
|
How many permanent teeth do most adults have? |
32 |
|
What are the first teeth that emerge in an infant? |
decideous teeth |
|
At how many months do decideous teeth first erupt? |
6 |
|
ingestion |
active, voluntary process in which food must be placed into the mouth before it can be acted on |
|
propulsion |
needed for food to be processed by more than one digestive organ ex: swallowing |
|
mechanical digestion |
food breakdown, prepares food for further degradation by enzymes by physically fragmenting the foods into smaller particles ex: mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue, churning of food in the stomach, segmentation in the small in |
|
chemical digestion |
sequence of steps in which large food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes |
|
absorption |
transport of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph |
|
defecation |
elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of feces |
|
What causes heartburn? |
cardioesophageal sphincter fails to close tightly and gastric juice backs up into the esophagus, which as little mucus protection |
|
What causes a peptic ulcer? |
typically round, sharply defined crater in teh mucosa of any part of the GI tract exposed to the hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretions of the stomach |
|
Pregnancy __________ result in demineralization of the woman's teeth. |
doesn't |
|
Fetal calcium needs are drawn from ________ ______ _______, not from the teeth. |
maternal body stores |
|
As a result of gingival alternations, the pregnancy woman may become more aware of ________ or newly developed dental caries. |
preexisting |
|
Changes in ________ and the _________ and ________ of pregnancy may increase the risk of caries during pregnancy although this has not been well studied. |
saliva, nausea, vomiting |
|
Dental _____, calculus and ______ deposits increase during pregnancy and are associated with gingivitis. |
plaque, debris |
|
There may be a transient __________ in tooth mobility. |
increase |
|
Pregnancy may exacerbate existing periodontal disease with an increase in periodontal _______ _____ during gestation. |
pocket depth |
|
Periodontal disease has also been associated with ___________ ____________ and an increased risk of __________ _____ and low-birth weight risk in some, but not all studies. |
intrauterine infection, preterm birth |
|
|
30, 80 |
|
Gingivitis usually begins around the ________ month. |
second |
|
Gingivitis usually peaks in the middle of the ______ trimester. |
third |
|
The ________ region of the month is usually the most affected site. |
anterior |
|
Gingival tissue contains both __________ and ___________ receptors. |
estrogen, progesterone |
|
The incidence of gingivitis is higher with increasing _______ _____ and _______, preexisting periodontal disease, and poor dentition. |
maternal age, parity |
|
In up to ___% of pregnant women, a specific angiogranuloma known as an epulis or pregnancy tumor develops. |
5 |
|
Saliva becomes more acidic during pregnancy, with alterations in __________ content and _____________ load, but it usually does not increase in volume. |
electrolyte, microorganism |
|
ptyalism |
excessive salivation |
|
Ptyalism is an uncommon disorder that begins as early as ___ to ___ weeks and ceases with delivery. |
2, 3 |
|
The excessive salivation seems to occur primarily during the _____. |
day |
|
The pathogenesis of ptyalism is unknown, but it is thought to be due to ________ _______, the inability to _______ due to __________, or activation of the esophagosalivary reflex during GER. |
increased salivary, swallow, nausea |
|
GER |
gastroesophageal reflux |
|
LES tone ________. |
decreases |
|
LES |
lower esophageal sphincter |
|
The LES tone decrease is thought o be primarily due to the smooth muscle relaxant activity of ___________. |
progesterone |
|
The LES is a pressure barrier between the _________ and the __________, acting as a protective mechanism to prevent or minimize GER. |
stomach, esophagus |
|
Other changes in the esophagus during pregnancy include an increase in secondary _________ and nonpropulsive _________ and increased incidence of hiatal _____. |
peristalsis, peristalsis, hernia |
|
Flattening of the hemidiaphragm causes a loss of the normal acute esophageal-gastric angle, which may also lead to ________. |
reflux |
|
Muscle tone and motility of the gallbladder _______ during pregnancy, probably due to the effects of progesterone on smooth muscle. |
decrease |
|
Gallbladder volume is ___________ and emptying rate _________, especially in the second and third trimesters. |
increased, decreased |
|
Most measures of gallbladder function are altered during pregnancy, especially after ___ weeks. |
14 |
|
In the third trimester, bile is supersaturated with lithogenic cholesterol, which, in conjunction with biliary stasis and sludging, increases the risk of __________. |
gallstones |
|
Alterations in gallbladder tone also lead to a tendency to retain bile salts, which can lead to ________. |
pruritus |
|
NVP |
nausea and vomiting in pregnancy |
|
The exact cause and function of nausea and vomiting is _________. |
unknown |
|
The development of the gastrointestinal system can be divided into ___ phases. |
3 |
|
During early gestation, anatomic development gives rise to the ________ and other structures of this system. |
organs |
|
During __________ to late gestation, functional components such as hormones, enzymes and reflexes develop. |
middle |
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Finally, after birth, coordinated function develops with interaction of hormones and enzymes in the digestion of food substances along with maturation of _____________ coordination. |
suck-swallow |
|
ENS |
enteric nervous system |
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The ENS develops from ________ crest cells that colonize the gut by 13 weeks. |
neural |
|
Anatomic development of the GI system begins during the _______ week with partitioning of the yolk sac into intraembryonic and extraembryonic portions. |
fourth |
|
Initially the cranial portion of the GI system develops concurrently with the ___________ system. |
respiratory |
|
The epithelium of the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs and digestive tract arise from the primitive gut, a derivation of the _____ ____. |
yolk sac |
|
The GI system develops in a ______-to-caudal direction. |
cranial |
|
The extraembryonic or secondary yolk sac provides for nutrition of the embryo, before development of the mature placenta, and then is assimilated into the umbilical cord by ___ to ___ months. |
3, 4 |
|
The intraembryonic portion is incorporated into the embryo as the _________ ____. |
primitive gut |
|
The cranial membrane is reabsorbed during the third week, forming the stomodeum; the caudal membrane is absorbed during the ________ week. |
ninth |
|
The midgut remains temporarily connected to the ______ _____ by the vitelline duct. |
yolk sac |
|
Development of the primitive gut and its derivatives can be divided into sections: |
pharyngeal gut, foregut, midgut, hindgut |
|
The pharyngeal gut extends from the buccopharyngeal membrane to the tracheobronchial diverticulum, forming the ________ and its derivative, _______ respiratory tract, ________ esophagus. |
pharynx, lower, upper |
|
The pharyngeal arches form the muscular and skeletal components of the pharyngeal area, aortic arch, and nerve networks; the ________, the _______ portion of the maxillary process, the hyoid bone, the laryngeal cartilage and associated vascular and _______ supplies. |
mandible, dorsal, nerve |
|
The pharyngeal pouches form the eustacian tubes, _______, thymus, parathyroid and part of the _______. |
tonsils, thyroid |
|
The foregut extends from the tracheobronchial diverticulum to the upper part of the __________. |
duodenum |
|
Structures formed from the foregut are all supplied by the _______ artery. |
celiac |
|
structures formed from the foregut |
lower esophagus, stomach, liver, upper portion of the duodenum, liver, biliary tree, pancreas |
|
During the fourth week the tracheobronchial diverticulum appears along the ventral wall of the foregut, dividing the foregut into the ventral respiratory primordium and dorsal _________. |
esophagus |
|
The stomach arises during the fourth week as a spindle-shaped dilation in the caudal area of the _________. |
foregut |
|
The stomach's structure is well established by ____ weeks. |
six |
|
Embryonic anomalies of the stomach are rare, probably because stomach development is relatively _________. |
simple |
|
The pancreas appears at about ___ weeks as dorsal and ventral buds in the duodenal area. |
five |
|
The two pancreatic buds meet and fuse to form the final pancreas by ___ weeks. |
seven |
|
meconiumin |
fetus/infant's first poop |
|
meconium consists of |
vernix caseosa, lanugo, squamos epithelial cells, occult blood, bile, other intestinal secretions |