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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
three species of cannabis
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1-Cannabis sativa
2-Cannabis indica 3-Cannabis ruderalis |
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Cannabis sativa
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-originated in Asia but now grown worldwide
-grown primarily for its fibers-hemp rope -grows as a weed -grown at Mount Vernon by George Washington (for hemp and possible medicinal uses) -a lanky plant up to 18 feet high |
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Cannabis indica
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-grown for psychoactive resins
-cultivated in many areas of the world -a compact plant 2-3 feet high -potency varies depending on plant genetics and environmental conditions |
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Cannabis ruderalis
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-grown primarily in Russia
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THC
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-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
-primary psychoactive agent in Cannabis -concentrated in the resin (mostly in the flowering tops)-less in the leaves, little in the fibrous stalks |
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hashish
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-consists of pure resin that has been carefully removed from the surface of leaves and stems
-rare in the US -average THC content of US hashish ranges from 3-7% -strongest concentration of resin |
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history of "Marijuana, Assassin of Youth": early 1900s
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little public interest or use
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history of "Marijuana, Assassin of Youth": 1926
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series of newspaper articles linked marijuana and crime
-other reports by police and in popular literature followed |
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history of "Marijuana, Assassin of Youth": 1936
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all states had laws regulating the use, sale, and/or possession of marijuana
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early regulation efforts of marijuana
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-based on concern about use
-not based on diret evidence linking marijuana use with crime or violence |
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contributing factors to "pyramid of prejudice" against marijuana
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-marijuana use associated with lower-class groups and recent immigrants
-regular references made in popular literature to the murdering cult of assassins as suggestive of the characteristics of the drug |
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Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
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-act followed the regulation-by-taxation theme of the 1914 Harrison Act
-grower, distributor, seller, and buyer were taxed -administratively almost impossible to deal Cannabis -specifically named Cannabis sativa |
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what happened in 1969 pertaining the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937?
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-US Supreme Court declared the Marijuana Tax Act unconstitutional
-Timothy Lery (illegal because you have to violate the 5th amendment by incriminating yourself) |
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chemistry of Cannabis
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-complex and unique
-active agent contains no nitrogen and thus is not an alkaloid like other psychoactive plant materials |
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high-lipid solubility of THC
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-selectively taken up and stored in fatty tissue, to be released slowly
-no easy way to monitor THC and metabolite levels and relate them to effects -long-lasting low concentrations of THC and metabolites may have effects on the brain and other organs that have no yet been determined |
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abuse potential concerning marijuana
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-studies show both animals and humans will self-administer the drug
-marijuana cigarettes with higher THC content are preferred -oral THC does not have high abuse potential, likely due to its different time course (less rapid onset of effects is usually associated with reduced risk of abuse) |
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effects on INFREQUENT users
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-slowed cognitive processing
-impaired short-term memory -impaired inhibitory control -loss of sustained concentration or vigilance -impaired visuospatial processing |
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effects on FREQUENT users
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-causes less dramatic effects, implying they are tolerant to some (but not all) cognitive effects
-slowed cognitive processing consistently seen -impairment during certain workplace tasks and the operation of machinery and automobiles can have significant effects |
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medicinal uses of marijuana
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-reduced fluid pressure in the eyes (glaucoma)
-reduced severe nausea caused by certain drugs used to treat cancer (Marinol) |
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Dronabinol and Marinol
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-Marinol is the brand name for Dronabinol
-1985 -oral THC -licensed for sale to cancer patients experiencing nausea from chemotherapy -1993: approved to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients -THC in a pill form (not marijuana) |
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findings from Institute of Medicine (IOM) report
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-marijuana is a relatively safe and effective medicine for patients suffering from certain chronic conditions
-more research is needed -an effective inhaler of THC is next -should not be used for more than 6 months |
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toxicity potential concerning lung exposure
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-daily smoking impairs air flow in and out of the lungs
-marijuana smoke contains many-but not all-the chemicals in tobacco smoke -marijuana cigarettes are not filtered |
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sinsemilla
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-"without seeds"
-a method of growing more potent marijuana |
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anandamide
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-a chemical isolated from brain tissue that has marijuana-like properties
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amotivational syndrome
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-diminished motivation, impaired ability to learn, and school and family problems in some adolescents who are chronic, heavy marijuana smokers
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National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML)
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-1970
-established by a young Washington lawyer -gave voice to marijuana users |